Renal 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How can there be water intake in the body, from largest to smallest source?

A

from liquids
from food
from metabolic produced

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2
Q

How can there be water output in the body, from largest to smallest source?

A

urine
insensible loss
feces
sweat

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3
Q

How is there sodium intake and output?

A

Intake: food
Output: Urine, sweat and feces

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4
Q

Depending on the intake, water output can vary from _____ to ______ per day. Sodium chloride output can vary from ________ to _______ per day. (these numbers are extreme and should not be reached)

A

0.4L to 25L per day
0.05g to 25g per day

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5
Q

What are the basic renal processes of sodium and water? (filtration, secretion and reabsorption)

A

Both are freely filtered
Not secreted
Most (2/3) of reabsorption in the proximal tubule, hormonal control and fine-tuning in the DCT orCD

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6
Q

Sodium reabsorption is an ________ process occurring in __________

A

active process
all the tubular segments except the descending tubule

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7
Q

Water reabsorption is a _________ and is (dependent/independent) upon ___________

A

diffusion process
dependent
sodium reabsoprtion

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8
Q

Explain the process of active sodium reabsorption.

A

On the basolateral membrane, Na/K pump brings K in and Na out to make a gradient of sodium into the cell

On the apical membrane, sodium moves along its gradient into the cell, the specific method of transport depends on the segment of the tubule

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9
Q

How is the movement (reabsorption) of sodium into the cell at different segments of the tubules?
(proximal tubule and CCD)

A

Proximal tubule: Na/H antiporter, Na/glucose cotransporter

CCD: diffusion of Na via channels

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10
Q

How is sodium balance maintained?

A

If sodium intake increases, urinary sodium excretion increases

If sodium intake decreases, urinary sodium excretion decreases

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11
Q

How is total body sodium measured?

A

The body cannot sense the sodium concentration itself. Instead, the baroreceptors sense the changes in blood pressure

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12
Q

Is plasma concentration of sodium a marker for total body sodium?

A

No, the plasma concentration reflects the relative relationship of total body Na AND WATER

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13
Q

Sodium excretion can be regulated by… (2)

A

GFR (minor role)
Sodium reabsorption (most)

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14
Q

Explain how GFR can regulate sodium excretion in a case where there is an increased loss in sodium.

A

increase loss in sodium (with water proportionally)
decreased venous* and atrial pressure*
decreased stroke volume and cardiac output
decreased arterial blood pressure* –> less GFR

*Baroreceptor reflex increases sympathetic activity
Increase constriction of the Afferent Arteriole
Decreased GFR
decrease the excretion of water and Na

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15
Q

What is the key hormone in sodium reabsorption control?

A

Aldosterone

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16
Q

What is the function of aldosterone in sodium reabsorption? and where?

A

Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption in the DCT and CCD

17
Q

The presence of aldosterone influences the sodium excretion. What is the secretion of aldosterone for high/low sodium concentrations?

A

In high sodium, there is no aldosterone (2% of the filtered load is excreted) some reabsorption

In low sodium, there is aldosterone (0% of the filtered load is excreted), all reabsorption

18
Q

Where does aldosterone act on the reabsorption process of sodium?

A

Increases the action of the Na/K pump
Increase Na movement into the cell
Increases K movement out of the cell
Upregulates the expression of Na and K channels

19
Q

Explain how aldosterone is part of the renin-angiotensin system (describe all RAAS and then include aldosterone action)

A

The liver constantly makes angiotensinogen
When kidneys release renin it makes angiotensin 1
ACE makes it into angiotensin 2
The adrenal cortex releases aldosterone (bc of the angiotensin 2, increased plasma K (done by aldosterone itself) and ACTH)

20
Q

Where and by what is renin secreted?

A

into the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus by juxtaglomerular cells (also stores)

21
Q

We know how aldosterone is secreted because of renin and it’s effects. How is renin regulated?

A

Increased activity of the renal sympathetic nerves
Decreased arterial pressure
decrease GFR

22
Q

Is water retention a direct action of aldosterone?

A

No, water follows the sodium reabsorption

23
Q

How does blood pressure influence sodium excretion?

A

Increased blood pressure will increase sodium excretion

24
Q

How can ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) affect the sodium excretion?

A

Increased total blood volume (increased extracellular fluid) stimulates ANP, which inhibits sodium reabsorption