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PHGY 210 > Respiration lecture 2 > Flashcards

Respiration lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How can we determine subdivisions of the lung volumes?

A

With a spirometer

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2
Q

What is the function of a spirometer?

A

to measure the volumes of INHALED or EXHALED gas (not total lung volume)

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3
Q

What can spirometers measure?

A

Tidal volume
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume

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4
Q

What are spirometers not used to measure?

A

Functional residual capacity
Total lung capacity
Residual volume

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5
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing

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6
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a notmal tidal inspiration

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7
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after a normal tidal expiration

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8
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration (will never be exhaled)

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9
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration (Deep breaths in and out)

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10
Q

How can you calculate vital capacity?

A

TV+ERV+IRV

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11
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

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12
Q

How can you calculate inspiratory capacity?

A

TV+IRV

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13
Q

What is function residual capacity?

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration

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14
Q

How can you calculate functional residual capacity?

A

RV+ERV

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15
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain

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16
Q

How can you calculate total lung capacity?

A

RV+VC

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17
Q

How can you directly measure FRC ?

A

By helium dilution

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18
Q

What is the formula for calculating the of FRC using helium dilution?

A

FRC = (C1 + V1/C2) - V1

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19
Q

What is the concentration of helium after equilibration? Why?

A

It is less concentrated because it’s diluted in the lungs

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20
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

The amount of air inspired (or expired) into the lungs over a minutes

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21
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

Ve=Vt x f
Vt: Tidal volume
f: number of breaths per minute

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22
Q

For a normal adult male, what is the normal value for minute ventilation not including anatomical dead space?

A

6000 mL/min

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23
Q

What is the normal values for tidal volume and # of breaths per minute in a normal adult male?

A

Vt = 500 mL
f = 12 breaths/min

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24
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

A place where air remained in the conducting airways and cannot do any gas exchanges

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25
Q

For a normal adult male, what is the normal value for minute ventilation including anatomical dead space? How is this calculated?

A

4200 mL/min
Ve=Vt x f
= (500-150) x 12

26
Q

What is the volume of the anatomical dead space in an adult subject?

A

150 mL

27
Q

What can we use to approximate anatomical dead space since it is difficult to measure?

A

Weight in pounds

28
Q

When does alveolar dead space happen?

A

under pathological conditions

29
Q

What happens to alveoli in alveolar dead space?

A

They get a decreased blood supply or no blood at all

30
Q

What happens to inspired air when the alveoli do not receive enough blood?

A

It can’t make any gas exchanges even if the ventilation is the same

31
Q

What is the sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space called?

A

Physiological dead space

32
Q

What is the difference between minute and alveolar ventilation?

A

Minute ventilaton doesn’t take into account dead space whereas it’s in the calculations for alveolar ventilation

33
Q

What are the 3 types of alveolar ventilation?

A

Normal
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation

34
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the air?

A

PO2 = 160 mmHg
PCO2 = 0.3 mmHg

35
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli?

A

PO2 = 105 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

36
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary veins (towards left heart) and systemic arteries moving towards the cells?

A

PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

37
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary arteries and systemic veins moving away from the cells into the right heart?

A

PO2 = 40 mmHg
PCO2 = 46 mmHg

38
Q

What keeps PaCO2 at a constant level?

A

The alveolar ventilation

39
Q

When does alveolar hyperventilation occur?

A

when more O2 is supplied and more CO2 is removed then the metabolic rate requires

40
Q

What does ventilation need to be considered with?

A

metabolism

40
Q

What happens to the Pa and PAO2 and the Pa and PACO2 during alveolar hyperventilation?

A

PA and Pa O2: rises
PA and Pa CO2: decreases

40
Q

Why do people faint during hyperventilation?

A

arterial CO2 decreases → blood vessels constrict → Cerebral vasoconstriction reduces brain blood flow → less O₂ delivery → fainting.

40
Q

What happens to the Pa and PAO2 and the Pa and PACO2 during alveolar hypoventilation?

A

PAO2: decreases
PACO2: rises

40
Q

Why do we give people a paper bag to breathe into when they are hyperventilating?

A

because blowing into the bag builds int he CO2 inside of it, and breathing in the CO2 builds the pulmonary CO2 they don’t have enough of

40
Q

Why does PAO2 fall below normal values during alveolar hypoventilation?

A

because the blood in the pulmonary capillary is less oxygenated

41
Q

When does alveolar hypoventilation occur?

A

when there is damage to the respiratory muscles, chronic obstructive lung disease, when the chest cage is injured and when the CNS is depressed

42
Q

How does oxygen from the alveolar gas transfer across the alveolar-capillary membrane?

A

by passive diffusion

43
Q

What is diffusion governed by?

A

Fick’s Law

44
Q

What is diffusion rate proportional to?

A

surface area (5-100 m^2)
partial pressure gradient
1/thickness (0.2 mm)

45
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the blood when it reaches the alveolar capillaries?

A

PO2: low
PCO2: high

46
Q

Where does O2 and CO2 diffuse?

A

O2: from the alveolar gas to the blood
CO2: from the blood to the alveolar gas

47
Q

In order for a gas to diffuse through a liquid…

A

it must be soluble in the liquid

48
Q

How much faster does CO2 diffuse as compared to O2 in the same liquid?

A

20x faster

49
Q

What is the time required to reach equilibrium between alveolar air and capillary blood for O2 and CO2?

diffusion rate of bath gases

A

the same for the two gases

The different pressure gradient (mmHg and 60 mmHg) does not make a difference in the rate of diffusion because of the solubility difference

50
Q

What is the transit time of blood through pulmonary capillaries?

A

0.75 seconds at rest

51
Q

In a normal lung, within what fraction of the red blood cell transit time is diffusion of both O2 and CO2 accomplished?

A

within 1/3 of the transit time

52
Q

What happens to the diffusion time in someone who has edema? Why?

A

it decreases because the alveolar capillary membrane will be thicker due to built up liquid

53
Q

What happens if the alveolar ventilation is increased but the metabolism needs stay the same

A

PO2 = increases
PCO2 = decreses

54
Q

What happens if the alveolar ventilation is decreased but the metabolism needs stay the same

A

PO2 = decreases
PCO2 = increases

55
Q

What happens if the metabolic needs go up but alveolar ventilation stays unchanged?

A

PO2 = decreases
PCO2 = increases

56
Q

What happens if the metabolic needs go down but alveolar ventilation stays unchanged?

A

PO2 = increases
PCO2 = decreases

57
Q

What happens if the alveolar ventilation increases proportionally to the metabolic needs

A

PO2 = no change
PCO2 = no change

PHGY 210 (10 decks)

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