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PHGY 210 > Respiration lecture 1 > Flashcards

Respiration lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of respiration?

A

Gas exchange

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2
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Air rich in O2 is inhaled into the lungs

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3
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

CO2 is exhaled from the lungs

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4
Q

How is CO2 produced in the body?

A

CO2 is produced during oxidative processes of the body

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5
Q

How are CO2 and O2 transported in the body?

A

By blood

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6
Q

What two systems are involved in respiration?

A

Respiratory system and the cardiovascular system

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7
Q

What surface does air pass through when it goes through the nose? (1)

A

the nasal turbinates

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8
Q

What is the function of the nasal turbinates?

A

they clean the air of big dust particles

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9
Q

From the nose, warmed and moistened air flows through the common passages for air and food, the ____, and then continues through the _____. It goes through the _____ before reaching the _____

A

pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi

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10
Q

What do airways consist of?

A

a series of tubes that branch and become narrower, shorter and more numerous as they penetrate into the lungs

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11
Q

How many bronchi does the trachea divide into?

A

2

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12
Q

What do the 2 bronchi divide into?

A
  1. Lobular bronchi
  2. segmental bronchi (off the lobular)
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13
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the right main bronchus divide into?

A

3

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14
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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15
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the left main bronchus divide into?

A

2

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16
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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17
Q

What are the smallest airways without alveoli called?

A

terminal bronchioles

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18
Q

What is the pleura?

A

a fluid-filled thin cellular sheet

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19
Q

Where does the PARIERTAL pleura attach?

A

the interior of the thoracic cage

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20
Q

Where does the VISCERAL pleura attach?

A

superficial surface of the lungs

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21
Q

What does the visceral pleura form?

A

two enclosed pleural sacs (one around each lung)

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22
Q

What is the pressure of the pleural space?

A

negative

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23
Q

What is the function of the pleural space?

A

it creates a coupling between the ribcage and the lungs

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24
Q

What is the airway divided into?

A

the conducting zone and the respiratory zone

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25
Q

What do the conductive airways consist of?

A

(mouth, pharynx, larynx) –> Trachea –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal bronchioles

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26
Q

What is the function of conductive airways?

A

they conduct air from the atmosphere to the respiratory part of the lungs

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27
Q

Do conductive airways contribute to gas exchange?

A

No

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28
Q

When does the respiratory part of the lungs begin?

A

when the terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles

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29
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

A

The respiratory bronchioles (no more cartillage) –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs

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30
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange?

A

the alveolar regions

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31
Q

Which zone makes up most of the lungs?

A

the respiratory zone

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32
Q

What are the smallest physiological units of the lungs (distal to the terminal bronchioles) called?

A

acinus

33
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the conducting zone?

A
  1. defense against bacterial infection and foreign particules
  2. Warm and moisten inhaled air
  3. Sound and speech
  4. Regulation of air flow
34
Q

What do the epithelial linings of the bronchi have?

A

cilia

35
Q

What does the epithelial glands of the bronchi secrete?

A

mucus

36
Q

What is the function of cilia in the bronchi?

A

they sweep up the mucous into the pharynx

37
Q

What is the mucociliary defence system?

A

when foreign particles stick to mucous and cilia sweep the mucous up into the pharynx

38
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

39
Q

What 2 blood circulations do lungs have?

A

pulmonary and bronchial circulation

40
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circulation?

A

it brings mixed venous blood to the lungs so that it can get oxygenated and then back to the left heart

41
Q

What is the function of the bronchial circulation?

A

it supplies oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the tracheobronchial tree (so that the airways get oxygenated)

42
Q

Blood to the pulmonary capillaries is supplied via the ______

A

pulmonary artery (originates from the right ventricle)

43
Q

What happens when the pulmonary artery reaches the alveoli?

A

the arterioles divide into a capillary bed

44
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries supply blood to?

A

all capillaries within the alveolar walls

45
Q

How does oxygenated blood from the alveolar capillaries return to the left heart?

A

via the pulmonary veins

46
Q

What do the bronchial arteries from the aorta supply?

A

the airway walls

47
Q

The bronchial circulation is part of which circulation?

A

systemic circulation

48
Q

What are the 3 alveolar cell types?

A
  1. Epithelial type 1 and 2
  2. Endothelial
  3. alveolar macrophages
49
Q

What seals the alveolar epithelial cells?

A

tight junctions

50
Q

What is the type II epithelial cells function?

A

pulmonary surfactant

51
Q

What is surfactant?

A

a substance that decreases the surface tension of the alveoli

52
Q

What is the function of the endothelial cells?

A

the walls of the pulmonary capillaries

53
Q

What is the function of the alveolar macrophages?

A

they remove foreign particles that may have escaped the mucociliary defence system of the airways

54
Q

Why does surface tension happen in the lining of the lungs?

A

because the molecules at the surface of the film tend to arrange themselves in the configuration involving the lowest energy

55
Q

How do the molecules at the surface of the film arrange themselves?

A

they “hold hands” rather than freely associate with air molecules

56
Q

What happens if a film surface is curved in the lungs?

A

the tension can produce a pressure

57
Q

What is LaPlace’s Law?

A

P=4T/R

58
Q

What does LaPlace’s Law show?

A

that the pressure inside a small alveoli is greater than that inside a large alveoli (not a stable systems)

59
Q

What does the soap bubble analogy suggest?

A

that small alveoli are likely to collapse into large ones (gas exchanging regions of the lung are unstable)

60
Q

How is alveolar collapse prevented?

A

by pulmonary surfactant

61
Q

What are the 2 principle roles of pulmonary surfactant?

A
  1. prevents the pressure inside the small alveoli from exceeding at of the large alveoli
  2. reduces overall surface tension so that we are able to breathe
62
Q

What would happen if the surface tension in the liquid lining layer was equal to that of water?

A

we wouldn’t be able to inflate our lungs

63
Q

What are the 2 kinds of respiratory muscles?

A

inspiratory and expiratory

64
Q

What is the main inspiratory muscle and what it is innervated by?

A

Diaphragm (phrenic nerve, C3-C5)

65
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

its dome descends and the chest expands longitudinally

66
Q

What raises the ribs during inspiration?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

67
Q

Why does the contraction of the diaphragm also elevate the lower ribs?

A

because of the vertically oriented attachments of the diaphragm to the costal margins

68
Q

What happens as the ribs are elevated?

A

the anterior-posterior and transverse dimensions of the chest enlarge

69
Q

In addition to the diaphragm, what other 4 muscles assist in inspiration?

A

PRINCIPLE: the external intercostal muscles and the parasternal intercartilaginous muscles
ACCESSORY: the sternocleidomastoid
and the scalenus muscles

70
Q

Contraction of the inspiratory muscles is apparent during which disorder that obstructs the movement of air into the lungs?

A

asthma

71
Q

What is the function of the neck muscles in inspiration?

A

they elevate and fix the uppermost part of the rib cage, elevate the sternum, and enlarge the anterior-posterior and longitudinal dimensions of the chest

72
Q

Why is expiration passive during quiet breathing?

A

because of the recoil of the lungs and the chest wall (muscles relaxes)

73
Q

When do excitatory muscles become active?

A

during exercise and pathological states when expiratory resistance increases and the movement of airflow out of the lungs is impeded

74
Q

Which muscles are involved during expiration?

A

internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles

75
Q

What happens when the abdominal muscles contract? (3)

A
  1. the abdominal content is compressed
  2. the ribs are depressed
  3. the anterior part of the lower chest is pulled down
76
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when the abdominal muscles contract?

A

it becomes forced upwards

77
Q

What are the abdominal muscles essential for?

A

coughing, singing, talking, vomitting

78
Q

What happens when there is forced maximal contraction of the expiratory muscles against a closed glottis (Valsalva’s maneuver)?

A

there can be an increase in pressure (up to 100 mmHg)

79
Q

What would happen if there is a sustained increase in pressure due to Valsalva’s maneuver?

A

there would be a decrease in venous return to the heart , thus a decrease in cardiac output

PHGY 210 (8 decks)

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