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BIOLOGY 2021 > Respiration and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Respiration and Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the thorax?

A 
Ribs
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Trachea
Bronchi (pl)
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Plural membranes
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2
Q

What is the function of the ribs?

A

Bone structure , protects internal organs (e.g: lungs)

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3
Q

What is the function of intercostal muscles?

A

Muscles between ribs, control their movement causing INGALATION + EXHALATION.

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4
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

Sheet of connective tissue + muscle at bottom of thorax

- helps change volume of thorax to allow INHALAITION + EXHALATION

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5
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Windpipe that connects mouth + nose to lungs

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6
Q

What is the function of the Bronchi (pl)

A

Large tubes branching off trachea with single bronchiole for each lung

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7
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

Bronchi split into smaller tubes (BRONCHIOLES) in lungs connected to alveoli

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8
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place.

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9
Q

What is the function of pleural membranes?

A

Stick outside of lungs to inside of chest cavity.

- so lungs follow CHEST MOVEMENTE, lubricates lungs to REDUCE FRICTION.

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10
Q

Describe the role of intercostal muscles + diaphragm in ventilation?

A

When we need to INCREASE gas exchange, intercostal muscles will also work to pull ribs up + out + INCREASE VOLUME OF THORAX.

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11
Q

What happens to the pressure inside of lungs when the volume of the thorax increases?

A

As volume of thorax increases, pressure inside lungs decreases
- once it drops below air pressure outside lungs, AIR IS FORCED IN.

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12
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during EXHALATION?

A

They contract

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13
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during EXHALATION?

A

They relax

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14
Q

Describe what happens during exhalation

A
  • internal intercostal muscles contract
  • external intercostal muscles relax
  • ribcage moves down + in
  • diaphragm relaxes + becomes dome-shaped
  • volume of thorax decreases
  • pressure inside thorax increases
  • AIR IS FORCED OUT
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15
Q

Describe what happens during inhalation

A
  • internal intercostal muscles relax
  • external intercostal mucles contract
  • ribcage moves up + out
  • diaphragm contracts + flattens
  • volume of thorax increases
  • pressure inside thorax decreases
  • AIR IS DRAWN IN
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16
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Gas exchange surface of the lungs

17
Q

What are the adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange?

A 
LARGE SURFACE AREA
THIN WALLS
MOIST SURFACE
GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY
PERMEABLE
18
Q

Why do alveoli have a LARGE SURFACE AREA?

A

Allow faster diffusion of gases across surface

19
Q

Why do alveoli have THIN WALLS?

A

Ensure diffusion distances are short

20
Q

Why do alveoli have a MOIST SURFACE?

A

So gases can dissolve + diffuse easily

21
Q

Why do alveoli have a GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY?

A

To mantain a high concentration gradient so diffusion occurs faster

22
Q

Why are alveoli PERMEABLE?

A

to gases, allows gases to pass through

23
Q

When air is inhaled, from where to where is oxygen diffused?

A

From alveoli into the blood to be used for respiration by body cells.

24
Q

What is respiration?

A

Process that releases energy into every living cell of every organism

25
Q

Why is energy in respiration important?

A 
Energy is essential for keeping cell alive as it powers processes such as:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
GROWTH
REPAIR 
CELL DIVISION
26
Q

How does the process of respiration produce ATP in living organisms?

A

once glucose molecule is broken apart, energy stored in bonds is released + then (LOCKED UP) in bomds of a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

27
Q

How is the energy released by ATP?

A

ATP releases energy from its bonds very quickly —> this is why it is used as energy carrying molecules in cells.

28
Q

What is ATP?

A

a molecule - adenosine triphosphate, which provides energy for cells

29
Q

What is the WORD EQUATION for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

30
Q

What is the BALANCEED SYMBOL EQUATION for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

31
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

the complete breakdown of glucose to release a relatively large amount of energy for use in cell proceses.

32
Q

What is the energy in aerobic respiration for?

A
  • TO KEEP WARM IN COLD
  • TO BUILD LARGE MOLECULES USING SMALL ONES
  • ACTIVE TRANSPORT - move materials against concentration gradient.
  • TO MAKE MUSCLES CONTRACT
33
Q

Differences between aerobic + anaerobic respiration

A 
AEROBIC: 
O2 needed
Glucose breakdown complete
Products -> CO2 + H2O
Energy released is a lot
ANAEROBIC:
O2 not needed
Glucose breakdown is incomplete
Products --> animal cells(lactic acid) ,  plant cells + yeast(CO2 + ETHANOL)
energy released is  a little
34
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Lactic acid

35
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells + yeast?

A

CO2 + ETHANOL

36
Q

What are the effects of anaerobic respiration on the body?

A

-during anaerobic respiration, muscle cells use sugar to make ATP but dont use oxygen
(this process produces lactate, quickly converted to lactic acid, making muscles burn)

37
Q

What effect can lactic acid have on the body

A

makes muscles burn

makes it harder to exercise

38
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in ANIMALS

A

GLUCOSE –> LACTIC ACID

39
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in PLANTS + YEAST

A

GLUCOSE –> ETHANOL + CARBON DIOXIDE

BIOLOGY 2021 (18 decks)

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