Respiration and Circulation (Ch 39) Flashcards
what is Gas Exchange?
The transport of O2 and CO2 between an animal and its environment.
What is diffusion and who benefits from it?
Diffusion is the random movement of individual molecules. Single-celled organisms and simple animals and plants benefits from diffusion.
What is the partial pressure of a gas
the fractional concentration relative to other gases present, multiplied by the overall pressure.
Define Bulk flow.
the physical movement of fluid, and the gases and compounds carried by the fluid, over a given distance.
Define ventilation.
the movement of the animal’s respiratory medium past a specialized respiratory surface.
Define circulation.
the movement of a specialized body fluid that carries O2 and CO2.
What are the circulatory fluids called both in invertebrate and vertebrates?
The circulatory fluid is called Hemolymph in invertebrates, and Blood in vertebrates.
_____ and _____ each require a pump to produce pressure (P) that drives flow (Q) against the resistance (R) to flow.
Ventilation and circulation
What is the rate of flow?
Q = P/R
Define gills.
highly folded delicate structures that facilitate gas exchange with the surrounding water.
Define countercurrent exchange.
a mechanism occurring in nature in which there is a crossover of some property between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.
Define concurrent flow. And what happens to temperature in concurrent flow?
Concurrent flow is the water movement in the same direction. Cold temperature gets warmer; warm temperature gets colder; eventually reaching equal warmth.
Gases always flow from ___ to ___ pressure.
High to Low.
Define tidal volume. And what is the average tidal volume?
The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest. The average tidal volume is 500 ml.
Define vital capacity. And what is the maximum volume?
the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath. The average maximum volume inhaled/exhaled during breathing is 4800 ml.
Mammals have a large ___ and a short diffusion distance.
surface area.
Define Myoglobin.
a specialized O2 carrier within the cells of vertebrate muscles.
Define Hemoglobin.
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates.
In contrast to hemoglobin, myoglobin is a monomer _____
that contains only a single heme group.
Define open-circulatory system.
blood flows through the vessels and directly bathes the tissue.
Define closed-circulatory system.
the blood never leaves the vessels; exchange happens via diffusion across capillary and cell membranes.
Define cardiac cycle.
the contraction of the two atria followed by contraction of the two ventricles.
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
systole is the contraction of the ventricles, and diastole is the relaxation of ventricles.
Arteries are the large, ____
high-pressure vessels that move blood flow away from the heart to tissues.
Veins are the large, ___
low-pressure vessels that return blood to the heart.
Arteries branch into blood vessels of progressively smaller diameter called ______; and they ultimately connect to finely branched networks of very small blood vessels called ____.
arterioles: capillaries
Artery walls contain multiple elastic layers composed of two proteins:
collagen and elastin
Define trachea.
the central airway leading to the lungs.
What is a primary bronchi?
one of which supplies each lung.
Define alveoli.
clusters of tiny thin-walled sacs where gas exchange by diffusion takes place.
