Digestive System (Ch 40)

Question 1

Define Macronutrients.

Answer 1

Energy nutrients that is required in large amounts

Question 2

Define Carbohydrates.

Answer 2

Cell’s major source of energy

Question 3

What are polysaccharides and give an example of one.

Answer 3

Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides; starch and glycogen.

Question 4

What are monosaccharides and give an example of one.

Answer 4

single chains of sugar; glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Question 5

Define Proteins.

Answer 5

molecules required to make enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies, and some hormones.

Question 6

Define Lipids.

Answer 6

molecules required to make cell membranes and some hormones; needed for insulation and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 7

Define Nucleic acids.

Answer 7

molecules needed to make DNA, RNA, and also used for ATP.

Question 8

What are micronutrients?

Answer 8

Micronutrients and nutrients required is small amounts. They are mostly vitamins and minerals.

Question 9

Define vitamins. And give examples.

Answer 9

nutrients required for metabolism, production of pigments, and blood clotting.
Vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and K

Question 10

Which of the vitamins are WATER-soluble and what happens to the excess amounts.

Answer 10

Vitamins B and C; excess amounts are excreted.

Question 11

Which of the vitamins are FAT-soluble and what happens to the excess amounts.

Answer 11

Vitamins A, D, E, and K; excess amounts remain in the body and can potentially be dangerous.

Question 12

Define minerals.

Answer 12

nutrients used in production of tissues, ATP production, enzymes, and nerve function.

Question 13

What is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms?

Answer 13

Endotherms are organisms that produces their own heat through metabolic processes, and ectotherms gain heat from their environment.

Question 14

Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).

Answer 14

The energy a vertebrate requires to stay alive.

Question 15

What are the several factors influence BMR.

Answer 15

Age, gender, weight, body proportion, activity level.

Question 16

Define suspension feeders. And give an example.

Answer 16

Sifting small food particles from the water. Basking shark

Question 17

Define substrate feeders. And give an example.

Answer 17

Organisms that live in/on their food source, eating their way through the food. Dung beetles.

Question 18

Define fluid-feeders. And give an example.

Answer 18

Organisms that suck nutrient-rich fluids from a living host. Hummingbird and mosquitoes.

Question 19

Define bulk feeders. And give an example.

Answer 19

Organisms that eat relatively large pieces of food. Humans eating large food.

Question 20

Define the components of teeth.

Answer 20

Incisors - for cutting food
Canines - for tearing food
Premolars - used for crushing and tearing
Molars - used for crushing and grinding

Question 21

What is the mouth?

Answer 21

the site of ingestion; mechanical breakdown; and digestion

Question 22

What is a pharynx?

Answer 22

the passageway for air and bolus; opens into larynx and esophagus

Question 23

Define esophagus.

Answer 23

the muscular tube leading to the stomach.

Question 24

What is a stomach?

Answer 24

the site of storage; minimal chemical digestion; secretes enzymes to break down food

Question 25

How does the small intestine work?

Answer 25

breaks down food from the stomach and absorbs much of the nutrients from the food.

Question 26

What is the duodenum and its role in digestion?

Answer 26

the first part of the small intestine. The main role of duodenum is to complete the firs phase of digestion.

Question 27

What is the jejunum and its role in digestion?

Answer 27

the second part of the small intestine. The inside walls absorb the nutrients of the food.

Question 28

What is the ileum and its role in digestion?

Answer 28

the third part of the small intestine. it absorbs bile acids, which are returned to the liver to be made into more bile, then stored in the bladder

Question 29

What are the two types of pancreatic tissue?

Answer 29

Islets of langerhans, produces many hormones; Acini, produce digestive enzymes

Question 30

What are fermenters?

Answer 30

a process to break down material via bacteria, and protists.

Question 31

What is the by-product of liver cells after breaking down amino acids?

Answer 31

Urea

Question 32

Give examples of bulk minerals.

Answer 32

Calcium, Sodium, and Phosphorous.

Question 33

Give examples of trace minerals.

Answer 33

Copper, Iodine, Iron

Question 34

Bolus is pushed down the esophagus by _____

Answer 34

persitalsis.

Question 35

The stomach converts food into a bolus called ___ ___

Answer 35

acid chyme

Question 36

The pancreas produces ____ _____

Answer 36

alkaline bicarbonate

Question 37

Hepatocytes (Liver cells) also converts monosaccharides into what?

Answer 37

Glycogen for storage.

Question 38

In the liver, what digests cellular debris, foreign bacteria, drugs, and other toxins?

Answer 38

Kupffer cells.

Question 39

What are gall stones?

Answer 39

Solid masses that can block the bile duct

Question 40

What are Gall Stones composed of?

Answer 40

Mostly cholesterol

Question 41

The large intestine is the site of:

Answer 41

Absorption and elimination

Question 42

What are hemorrhoids?

Answer 42

Varicose veins that develop externally and internally at the rectum entrance.

Question 43

Compare Insectivores' and Carnivores' digestive system to a Herbivore.

Answer 43

Insectivores and Carnivores have a short, simple digestive tracts; while Herbivores have long, complex digestive tracts.