Digestive System (Ch 40) Flashcards
Define Macronutrients.
Energy nutrients that is required in large amounts
Define Carbohydrates.
Cell’s major source of energy
What are polysaccharides and give an example of one.
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides; starch and glycogen.
What are monosaccharides and give an example of one.
single chains of sugar; glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Define Proteins.
molecules required to make enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies, and some hormones.
Define Lipids.
molecules required to make cell membranes and some hormones; needed for insulation and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Define Nucleic acids.
molecules needed to make DNA, RNA, and also used for ATP.
What are micronutrients?
Micronutrients and nutrients required is small amounts. They are mostly vitamins and minerals.
Define vitamins. And give examples.
nutrients required for metabolism, production of pigments, and blood clotting.
Vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and K
Which of the vitamins are WATER-soluble and what happens to the excess amounts.
Vitamins B and C; excess amounts are excreted.
Which of the vitamins are FAT-soluble and what happens to the excess amounts.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K; excess amounts remain in the body and can potentially be dangerous.
Define minerals.
nutrients used in production of tissues, ATP production, enzymes, and nerve function.
What is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms?
Endotherms are organisms that produces their own heat through metabolic processes, and ectotherms gain heat from their environment.
Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
The energy a vertebrate requires to stay alive.
What are the several factors influence BMR.
Age, gender, weight, body proportion, activity level.
Define suspension feeders. And give an example.
Sifting small food particles from the water. Basking shark
Define substrate feeders. And give an example.
Organisms that live in/on their food source, eating their way through the food. Dung beetles.
Define fluid-feeders. And give an example.
Organisms that suck nutrient-rich fluids from a living host. Hummingbird and mosquitoes.
Define bulk feeders. And give an example.
Organisms that eat relatively large pieces of food. Humans eating large food.
Define the components of teeth.
Incisors - for cutting food
Canines - for tearing food
Premolars - used for crushing and tearing
Molars - used for crushing and grinding
What is the mouth?
the site of ingestion; mechanical breakdown; and digestion
What is a pharynx?
the passageway for air and bolus; opens into larynx and esophagus
Define esophagus.
the muscular tube leading to the stomach.
What is a stomach?
the site of storage; minimal chemical digestion; secretes enzymes to break down food
How does the small intestine work?
breaks down food from the stomach and absorbs much of the nutrients from the food.
What is the duodenum and its role in digestion?
the first part of the small intestine. The main role of duodenum is to complete the firs phase of digestion.
What is the jejunum and its role in digestion?
the second part of the small intestine. The inside walls absorb the nutrients of the food.
What is the ileum and its role in digestion?
the third part of the small intestine. it absorbs bile acids, which are returned to the liver to be made into more bile, then stored in the bladder
What are the two types of pancreatic tissue?
Islets of langerhans, produces many hormones; Acini, produce digestive enzymes
What are fermenters?
a process to break down material via bacteria, and protists.
What is the by-product of liver cells after breaking down amino acids?
Urea
Give examples of bulk minerals.
Calcium, Sodium, and Phosphorous.
Give examples of trace minerals.
Copper, Iodine, Iron
Bolus is pushed down the esophagus by _____
persitalsis.
The stomach converts food into a bolus called ___ ___
acid chyme
The pancreas produces ____ _____
alkaline bicarbonate
Hepatocytes (Liver cells) also converts monosaccharides into what?
Glycogen for storage.
In the liver, what digests cellular debris, foreign bacteria, drugs, and other toxins?
Kupffer cells.
What are gall stones?
Solid masses that can block the bile duct
What are Gall Stones composed of?
Mostly cholesterol
The large intestine is the site of:
Absorption and elimination
What are hemorrhoids?
Varicose veins that develop externally and internally at the rectum entrance.
Compare Insectivores’ and Carnivores’ digestive system to a Herbivore.
Insectivores and Carnivores have a short, simple digestive tracts; while Herbivores have long, complex digestive tracts.
