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Biology > Population Ecology (Ch 46) > Flashcards

Population Ecology (Ch 46) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Biological Hierarchy?

A

Population; Species: Community; Ecosystem

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2
Q

Define Ecology.

A

The study of the relationships of organisms to one another and to the environment.

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3
Q

What did Thomas Malthus proposed in 1790?

A

The remarkable recent growth of the American population was a consequence of ample food supply and the active encouragement of marriages

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4
Q

Define Population.

A

It consists of all the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place.

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5
Q

Define Species.

A

A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.

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6
Q

Define Community.

A

A set of all populations found in a given place.

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7
Q

Define Ecosystem.

A

A community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies.

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of a population?

A
  • Density and dispersion

- Factors affecting the growth and decline of populations.

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9
Q

What is a Population Density?

A

A population’s size divided by its range.

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10
Q

What is a Population Size?

A

It is simply the number of individuals of all ages alive at a particular time in a particular place.

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11
Q

What is Demography?

A

The study of size, structure, and distribution of populations over time, including changes in response to birth, aging, migration, and death.

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12
Q

What do we call a patchy distribution of populations?

A

Clumped population

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13
Q

Some populations may go extinct; _____ may restore them

A

Migration

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14
Q

Immigrate is to ___; _____ is to death

A

Born; Emigrate

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15
Q

What are the different patches of habitat?

A

Control patch; small, isolated patches; small patches connected by corridor.

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16
Q

The density of an organism is dependent on a number of factors, such as:

A

Food availability, nesting sites, and predators.

17
Q

How do we estimate population densities?

A

Quadrat and Transect

18
Q

What is a Quadrat?

A

Usually several areas that are counted

19
Q

What is a Transect?

A

A line across a habitat or part of a habitat.

20
Q

What is the Mark-Recapture Method?

A

It is commonly used to estimate an animal’s population size. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted.

21
Q

Define Clumped Dispersal.

A

Individuals are clustered together.

22
Q

Define Uniform Dispersal.

A

Individuals are evenly spaced.

23
Q

Define cohort.

A

A group defined as the individuals born at a given time.

24
Q

Define Random Dispersal.

A

Individuals are randomly spaced.

25
Q

What are characteristics of r-strategists?

A

Species producing large numbers of offspring but provide few resources. They are Type III on the survivorship curve. i.e. Mouse, plants, trees

26
Q

What are characteristics of k-strategists?

A

Species producing few young but invest considerable resources. They are Type I on the susrvivorship curve. i.e. Humans, elephants, whales

27
Q

Name some factors that regulates population.

A 
Predation
Food availability
Nesting area/Habitats
Disease
Pollution
Natural Disasters
28
Q

What do the variables in the exponential growth equation represent? (G=rN)

A

G - Growth rate
r - per capita rate of increase
N - # of individuals @ the start of time

29
Q

Give examples of density-dependent factors.

A

Famine. These are factors where the effects on the size or growth of a population vary with the density of population itself.

30
Q

Give examples of density-independent factors.

A

These are weather based factors that strike populations without regard for the size of the population. Harsh. Really.

31
Q

What is an Island Biogeography theory and its 2 factors?

A

The theory states that the number of species that can occupy a habitat island depends on 2 factors:

1) The size of the island
2) The distance of the island from a source of colonists.

Biology (12 decks)

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