Respiration Anatomy Flashcards
How does carbon dioxide regulate physiology?
By increasing oxygen delivery when tissues are more active, ensuring appropriate blood and extracellular fluid pH, balancing electrolytes and signalling the medulla when to initiate a breath.
pH refers to what?
power of hydrogen; concentration of hydrogen ions
A low pH refers to what type of solutions?
solutions with a low pH
A high pH refers to what type of solutions?
solutions with a high pH >7 which means they are basic they have have a low concentration of hydrogen ions
Role of Hemoglobin?
To transport oxygen through the blood stream.
Carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood during relaxed breathing in reference to thoracic breathing?
Relaxed breathing increases Carbon Dioxide breathing compared to thoracic breathing
If you place your left hand on your chest and your right hand on your navel, during inspiration both hands will shallowly fall about the same time in what type of breathing?
Thoracic breathing
In what type of breathing does the abdomen contract during inspiration and expands during expiration?
Reverse breathing
Respiration is controlled by the ______ area in the medulla, the _____ area and the ____ area in the pons
the rhythmicity area in the medulla
the pneumotaxia area and apneustic area in the pons
During normal breathing, heart rate _______ during inspiration and _____ during expiration
heart rate increases during inspiration
heart rate decreases during expiration
The absence of respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a strong indicator of what?
A heart attack
Both the chest and the collar bone rise during what type of breathing?-
Clavicular breathing
Susan holds her breath while writing a check, this is a characteristic of what?
apnea
Hyperventilation may occur when breathing rates over _______ bpm reduces blood carbon dioxide levels from ____% to ___%
over 20 bpm
reducing blood carbon dioxide levels from 5% to 2.5%
What are the accessory breathing muscles?
Pectoralis minor, Scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius
The respiratory system includes:
Lungs nose Throat Voice box wind pipe
Respiratory gases are exchanged between where?
The lungs and blood across the respiratory membrane
The respiratory membrane is comprised of what?
alveolar and capillary walls
1 hemoglobin molecule can bind up to how many oxygen molecules?
up to 4 oxygen molecules
~ how many times a day do you breath?
~20,000 breath/day
How do the breathing rates of males and females differ?
males breath 12-14 bpm
Females breath 14-16 bpm (females breath more/faster than males)
Hyperventilation often exceeds how many bpm?
often exceeds over 20 bpm.
Overbreathing and hyperventilation both do what to carbon dioxide levels?
lowers carbon dioxide levels.
How is oxygen transported through the blood?
Hemoglobin
An increase in Carbon dioxide does what to the pH?
lowers pH since a lower pH responds to a higher hydrogen concentration
What is the Bohr effect?
A higher Carbon dioxide concentration lowers pH, weakening the bonds between hemoglobin and oxygen. Which increases oxygen delivery to the body tissues.
Besides breathing what else does the respiratory system do?
Delivers odorants to the olfactory epithelium
Produces airway pressure required for speech
Anticipates cognitive demands
Anticipates skeletal muscle metabolic demands
Helps modulate systems regulated by the autonomic nervous system, especially the cardiovascular system.
During inhalation what ventilates the lungs?
contraction by the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
How are the lungs ventilated during inhalation
During inhalation the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity. It increases lung volume and decreases pressure with in the lungs below atmospheric pressure within the lungs until the alveolar pressure returns to atmospheric pressure.
How does the contraction of the diaphragm expand the thoracic cavity?
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and its dome drops, increasing the thoracic cavity. The contraction of the diaphragm also pushes the rectus abdominis muscle of the stomach down and out.
How does the contraction of the external intercostals expand the thoracic cavity?
When the external intercoastals contract it pulls the ribs upward and enlarges the thoracic cavity.
The external intercostals account for ~ how much of the air movement into the lungs during relaxed breathing?
~25%
In relaxed breathing, a 1 cm descent of the diaphragm dome creates ____ pressure difference and moves ____ ml of air.
a 1-3 mmHg pressure difference
moves 500 ml of air
In labored breathing a 10 cm descent of the diaphragm occurs creating a ____ pressure difference and moves ____ L of air
a 100 mmHg pressure difference
moves 2-3 L (2,000-3,000 ml) of air
The diaphragm accounts for ~ what % of air movement into the lungs during relaxed breathing?
~75%
During forceful inhalation what other muscles besides the diaphragm and external intercostals contract?
The accessory muscles of inhalation
sternocleidomastoid muscles, scalene muscles, and pectoralis minor muscles
How does the sternocleidmastoid muscle act as an accessory muscle of inhalation?
during forceful inhalation the sternocleidmastoid muscle contracts and elevates the sternum.
How does the scalene muscle act as an accessory muscle of inhalation?
During forceful inhalation the scalene muscle contracts and elevates ribs 1 and 2
How does the pectoralis minor muscles act as an accessory muscle of inhalation?
During forceful inhalation the pectoralis minor muscle contracts and elevates ribs 3-5.
exhalation is produced by what?
By the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. As well as by the contraction of the inner intercostals, and elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs.
What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?
The dome moves upward
What happens when the external intercostals relax?
The ribs move downward.
What happens to volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs during exhalation? why?
decreases; The relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs. This increases the pressure within the lungs above atmospheric pressure. The pressure difference causes air to deflate the lungs until the alveolar pressure returns to atmospheric pressure.
The Forceful exhalation during exercise recruits what muscles?
abdominals and internal intercostal to increase the pressure between the two pleural layers.
What is the role of the adominals during forceful exhalation?
It depresses the inferior ribs and pushes the diaphragm upward.
What is the role of the internal intercostals during forceful exhalation?
pulls the ribs downward.
The lungs contain an estimated _____ alveoli (air sacs) that create a _____ ft squared surface area for ____.
an estimated 30 million alveoli
that create a 753 ft squared surface area
for gas exchange
A respiratory cycle consists of what phases?
Inspiratory phase
Inspiratory pause
expiratory phase
expiratory pause
What does the abdominal strain gauge index?
respiratory amplitude
During what phase in a respiratory cycle in respiratory amplitude often the greatet?
during the inspiratory pause.
What is apnea?
breathing suspension which lowers respiration rate
Clinicians teaching effortless breathing train may instruct clients to adjust respiratory cycle how?
Lengthen their expiratory pause with respect to their inhibitory pause.
In heart rate variability biofeedback a clinician may encourage what type of breathing?
slow (5-7 breaths/minute) and rhythmic breathing.
Respiration is controlled by what?
Respiratory centers in the medulla and pons and by the cerebral cortex.
During healthy breathing the stomach moves _____ during inspiration.
Outwards
In healthy breathing what direction does the stomach move during expiration
Up
There is greater use of ______ muscles during thoracic breathing?
external intercostals
The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and Ventral respiratory group (VRG) consist of neuron clusters in ______
In two regions of the medulla.
What does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) do?
Collects information from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors. It then distributes this information to the VGR to modify its breathing rhythms.
What does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do?
creates breathing cycle
An overdose of a CNS depressant like alcohol or morphine can stop breathing how?
By completely inhibiting VGR neurons
VGR inspiratory neuron action potentials are transmitted by the ____ and _____ nerves to the _____ and _____.
transmitted by the phrenic and intercostal nerves to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
what is the typical time of a inspiratory phase?
2 seconds
What is the typical time an expiratory phase?
3 seconds
Breathing centers in the pons do what?
The adjust VRG (located in medulla) breathing rhythms based on descending input from the brain structures and peripheral sensory input.
What does the breathing center, the pontine respiratory group in the pons do?
modifies breathing during varied activities like exercise, sleep, and speech.
During forced respiration what does the VGR do?
stimulates the diaphragm, and inhalation acessory muscles (sternocleidmastoid, pectoralis minor, scalene, and trapezius) to contract
The cerebral cortex’s control of the brainstem respiratory centers allows us to do what?
Voluntarily stop or change our breathing patterns.
What is the importance of the Cerbeal cortex’s control of the brainstem respiratory systems?
it allows us to voluntarily stop or change our breathing patterns. Which protects against lung damage from water or toxic gases. The rise of CO2 and H+ in the blood limits our ability to stop breathing by stimulating the inspiratory area when a critical level is reached.
what are the two hypothesis of respiratory rhythms?
1) There are pacemaker cells in the VGR (activity found in newborns but not adults)
2) That inspiratory and expiratory clusters in the medulla operate using reciprocal inhibition.
Disordered breathing reduces _____ delivery to the ____.
reduces oxygen delivery to the lungs.
In thoracic breathing what abnormalities occur during inhalation?
The diaphragm is pushed upward as the abdomen is drawn in. Abdominal contraction compresses the abdominal visceral pushing the diaphragm upward.
How does thoracic breathing ventilate the lungs?
Even though the diaphragm is pushed upwards, the external intercoastals lifts the ribs up and out, creating, a partial vaccum. The negative pressure expands the lungs but it is too weak to ventilate the lower lobes. This reduces ventilation of the lungs since the lower lobes receives a disproportionate share of blood supply due to gravity.
How can you tell if you are a thoracic breather?
If you put you left hand on your chest and you right hand on your navel. They will both rise and fall at the same time if you are a thoracic breather.
What is the problem with thoracic breathing?
it expends excessive energy and incompletely ventilates the lungs
What effect can apnea have on blood pressure?
Apnea can increase blood pressure
In clavicular breathing what occurs?
the chest rises and the collar bones are elevated to draw the abdomen in and raise the diaphragm.
How can you tell if you are a clavicular breather?
Have an observer lightly place one hand on your shoulder. if this hand rises as you inhale than you are a clavicular breather.
What happens to the amount of oxygen expended and CO2 over time in clavicular breathing?
Over time the accessory muscles use more oxygen than clavicular breathing provides (deficit spending) and may result in reduced CO2.
pattern of clavicular breathing provides ____ pulmonary ventilation
minimal
What is reverse breathing?
when the abdominal expands during exhalation and contracts during inhalation.
Reverse breathing is often accompanied by what type of breathing?
thoracic breathing
Reverse breathing results in what?
incomplete ventilation of the lungs
What type of breathing can occur as part of the flight-or-fight response to stressors, experiencing difficult emotions, suffering chronic pain?
Overbreathing
What type of breathing can be learned through operant and classical conditioning as well as through social learning?
Overbreathing
Reduced blood CO2 levels from overbreathing may contribute to what disorders?
asthma
panic
phobia
and pain disorders like chronic low back pain
What is overbreathing? What is the result?
when a person has exhaled so much CO2 that that blood CO2 declines, blood pH increases and hemoglobin releases insufficent oxygen to tissues and less Nitric oxygen to blood vessels. The resulting vasoconstriction greatly diminishes glucose delivery to tissues.
Moderate overbreathing can reduce oxygen delivery to the brain by ____ to ____ %
by 30 to 40%
Severe overbreathing can reduce oxygen to the brain by ______ %
by 60%
The difference in physiological changes that occur in overbreathing and hyperventilation
They produce the same physiological changes however overbreathing is usually so subtle that patients are unaware.
A sigh is an example of what?
Over breathing
A yawn is an example of what?
Overbreathing
What is hypocapnia?
low blood CO2
What is the range of healthy end-tidal CO2 values?
35-45 mmHg.
An end tidal CO2 below 25 mmHg signals what?
Sever over breathing
An end tidal CO2 between 25-30 mmHg signals what?
signals moderate-to-severe overbreathing
An tidal CO2 between 30-35 signals what?
Signals mild-to-moderate overbreathing
Hyperventilation accounts for ~ what % of ambulance calls?
60%
Hyperventilation is predominately what type of breathing?
thoracic breathing
Phobia is often associated with what?
Hyperventialation
Hyperventilation being primarily ______ allows patients to do what?
being primarily thoracic; allows patients to breath very deeply and rapidly (over 20 bpm) using acessory muscles (the sternum moves upward and forward) restricting diaphragm movement.
Hyperventilation lowers end tidal CO2 from ___% to____%
from 5% to 2.5%
Hyperventilation pattern exceeds the body’s need to do what? resulting in what?
eliminate CO2; resulting in reduced oxygen delivery to body tissue and NO release, as well as curtaining their supply of glucose.
Episodes of apnea decrease ____
ventilation
What is end tidal CO2?
% of CO2 in exhaled air at the end of exhalation
What is Ntiric acid
gaseous neurotransmitter that promotes vasodilation and long-term potential.
