Respiration Anatomy Flashcards
How does carbon dioxide regulate physiology?
By increasing oxygen delivery when tissues are more active, ensuring appropriate blood and extracellular fluid pH, balancing electrolytes and signalling the medulla when to initiate a breath.
pH refers to what?
power of hydrogen; concentration of hydrogen ions
A low pH refers to what type of solutions?
solutions with a low pH
A high pH refers to what type of solutions?
solutions with a high pH >7 which means they are basic they have have a low concentration of hydrogen ions
Role of Hemoglobin?
To transport oxygen through the blood stream.
Carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood during relaxed breathing in reference to thoracic breathing?
Relaxed breathing increases Carbon Dioxide breathing compared to thoracic breathing
If you place your left hand on your chest and your right hand on your navel, during inspiration both hands will shallowly fall about the same time in what type of breathing?
Thoracic breathing
In what type of breathing does the abdomen contract during inspiration and expands during expiration?
Reverse breathing
Respiration is controlled by the ______ area in the medulla, the _____ area and the ____ area in the pons
the rhythmicity area in the medulla
the pneumotaxia area and apneustic area in the pons
During normal breathing, heart rate _______ during inspiration and _____ during expiration
heart rate increases during inspiration
heart rate decreases during expiration
The absence of respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a strong indicator of what?
A heart attack
Both the chest and the collar bone rise during what type of breathing?-
Clavicular breathing
Susan holds her breath while writing a check, this is a characteristic of what?
apnea
Hyperventilation may occur when breathing rates over _______ bpm reduces blood carbon dioxide levels from ____% to ___%
over 20 bpm
reducing blood carbon dioxide levels from 5% to 2.5%
What are the accessory breathing muscles?
Pectoralis minor, Scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius
The respiratory system includes:
Lungs nose Throat Voice box wind pipe
Respiratory gases are exchanged between where?
The lungs and blood across the respiratory membrane
The respiratory membrane is comprised of what?
alveolar and capillary walls
1 hemoglobin molecule can bind up to how many oxygen molecules?
up to 4 oxygen molecules
~ how many times a day do you breath?
~20,000 breath/day
How do the breathing rates of males and females differ?
males breath 12-14 bpm
Females breath 14-16 bpm (females breath more/faster than males)
Hyperventilation often exceeds how many bpm?
often exceeds over 20 bpm.
Overbreathing and hyperventilation both do what to carbon dioxide levels?
lowers carbon dioxide levels.
How is oxygen transported through the blood?
Hemoglobin
An increase in Carbon dioxide does what to the pH?
lowers pH since a lower pH responds to a higher hydrogen concentration
What is the Bohr effect?
A higher Carbon dioxide concentration lowers pH, weakening the bonds between hemoglobin and oxygen. Which increases oxygen delivery to the body tissues.
Besides breathing what else does the respiratory system do?
Delivers odorants to the olfactory epithelium
Produces airway pressure required for speech
Anticipates cognitive demands
Anticipates skeletal muscle metabolic demands
Helps modulate systems regulated by the autonomic nervous system, especially the cardiovascular system.
During inhalation what ventilates the lungs?
contraction by the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
How are the lungs ventilated during inhalation
During inhalation the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity. It increases lung volume and decreases pressure with in the lungs below atmospheric pressure within the lungs until the alveolar pressure returns to atmospheric pressure.
How does the contraction of the diaphragm expand the thoracic cavity?
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and its dome drops, increasing the thoracic cavity. The contraction of the diaphragm also pushes the rectus abdominis muscle of the stomach down and out.
How does the contraction of the external intercostals expand the thoracic cavity?
When the external intercoastals contract it pulls the ribs upward and enlarges the thoracic cavity.
The external intercostals account for ~ how much of the air movement into the lungs during relaxed breathing?
~25%
In relaxed breathing, a 1 cm descent of the diaphragm dome creates ____ pressure difference and moves ____ ml of air.
a 1-3 mmHg pressure difference
moves 500 ml of air
In labored breathing a 10 cm descent of the diaphragm occurs creating a ____ pressure difference and moves ____ L of air
a 100 mmHg pressure difference
moves 2-3 L (2,000-3,000 ml) of air
The diaphragm accounts for ~ what % of air movement into the lungs during relaxed breathing?
~75%
During forceful inhalation what other muscles besides the diaphragm and external intercostals contract?
The accessory muscles of inhalation
sternocleidomastoid muscles, scalene muscles, and pectoralis minor muscles
How does the sternocleidmastoid muscle act as an accessory muscle of inhalation?
during forceful inhalation the sternocleidmastoid muscle contracts and elevates the sternum.
How does the scalene muscle act as an accessory muscle of inhalation?
During forceful inhalation the scalene muscle contracts and elevates ribs 1 and 2
How does the pectoralis minor muscles act as an accessory muscle of inhalation?
During forceful inhalation the pectoralis minor muscle contracts and elevates ribs 3-5.
exhalation is produced by what?
By the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. As well as by the contraction of the inner intercostals, and elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs.
What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?
The dome moves upward
What happens when the external intercostals relax?
The ribs move downward.