Clash 1 Flashcards
Who introduced the concept of homeostasis?
Claude Barnard
Which term from cybernetics means error signal?
negative feedback
____ published animal studies that established the scientific foundation for biofeedback training for autonomic responses.
Miller and DiCara
_____ pioneered an alpha-theta training protocol to treat alcoholics.
Peniston and Kolkovsky
Which physician developed the electromyograph and Progressive Relaxation?
Jacobson
Who developed Autogenic Training in Germany?
Schultz
_____ published an influential article on the treatment of tension headache with frontal EMG biofeedback.
Budzynski and Stoyva
Trying to clench your fist illustrates _____.
active volition
What causes electrons to move in a circuit
electromotive force
The opposition to an AC signal is called _____.
impedance
Current is measured in ____.
amperes
What are acceptable skin-electrode impedance values?
no more than 10 KΩ for any active-reference pair and balanced within 5 KΩ
What does continuity testing determine?
whether or not there is a break in the electrode cable
What phenomenon allows us to detect EMG signals from the skin surface?.
Volume conductance
Why do we prepare the skin for EMG recording?
to obtain low and balanced skin-electrode impedance
If voltage is 10 and current is 5, what is resistance?
2
What does the abbreviation, micro or µ, mean?
1/1,000,000 or 1 millionth
What impedance reading would you expect for an open circuit?
infinite
Which current level can produce ventricular fibrillation?
50 mA
How does an optical isolator protect a client from shock?
converts a biological signal into light and then back into an electrical signal
Since active and reference electrodes are constructed identically, how do they differ?
actives are placed over the belly of the muscle, references are within 6” of each active
Differential input impedance should be at least ___ times skin-electrode impedance
100 times
Why place a preamplifier close to the electrode assembly?
reduces EMG signal loss
Why use a differential amplifier instead of a single-ended amplifier?
Differential amplifier better controls artifact
You would reduce contamination by 60-Hz artifact by using a ____ filter.
60-Hz Notch filter
Send a 1 microvolt signal into a bandpass filter. What amplitude would you see at the corner frequencies?
0.707 microvolts
Why is rectification necessary?
the symmetrical halves of an AC signal would cancel themselves out when you add them together
What is the function of an integrator?
allows the measure of signal voltage
What does a dummy subject reveal?
total system noise: instrument noise and environmental noise
What is the bandwidth of a 40-1000 Hz bandpass?
960 Hz
Why is sensitivity important?
sensitivity determines the smallest signal voltage that an electromyograph can distinguish from artifact
Why measure common mode rejection ratio at 60 Hz in the US?
60 Hz is the frequency where artifact rejection is most important
What is a state-of-the-art common mode rejection ratio?
180 dB
What does signal-to-noise ratio measure?
it is a ratio between signal voltage and artifact voltage
Why is a high differential input impedance important?
this ensures that more of the signal will reach the electromyograph
What does a rectifier do?
a rectifier transforms an AC signal into a DC signal
Which integration methods produce the highest and lowest amplitudes?
Highest: peak-to peak
Lowest: average
Explain resolution
resolution is the smallest signal change an instrument can detect
Which personality experiences negative emotions, but cannot express them in social situations?
Type D
During Selye’s _____ stage, a person appears normal, but adaptation to a stressor places increasing demands on the body, leading to diseases of adaptation.
resistance
Cannon’s fight-or-flight response results in the release of ____ and ____ by the adrenal ____.
epinephrien and norephineprine by the medula
