Clash 4 note cards Flashcards
Name the only endosomatic measurement of skin electrical activity
skin potential
What units is skin potential measured
Millivolts
Which electrodermal measure is concerned with the ease of current movement through the skin?
skin conductance
In which units is skin conductance measured?
microsiemens
As sweat rises in the duct, skin conductance _____.
Increase
Researchers prefer the constant _____ method to detect skin conductance
Voltage
Which current do researchers prefer to detect skin conductance?
AC
How does hand-washing affect skin conductance?
Lowers it
The _____ electrode placement method places sensors at two electrically-active sites.
bipolar
Skin conductance measures the activity of _____ sweat glands
Eccrine
Toby’s skin conductance level reading was 35 uS. Is this within the normal range or artifact?
artifact, since conductance level ranges from 1-30 uS
_____ are specialized for receiving messages from other neurons.
Dendrites
What is integrated at an axon hillock?
EPSPs and IPSPs
The _____ interacts with the cortex to produce the EEG.
The thalamus interacts with the cortex to produce the EEG
The EEG is comprised of _____ from the upper cortical layers
EPSPs and IPSPs
The majority of EEG power falls within ____.
0-20 Hz
What is a dominant frequency?
the largest amplitude frequency
When you are awake, your dominant frequency is at least ____.
13 Hz
When a person is vigilant, the _____ in the brain stem helps generate beta activity.
locus coeruleus (ascending reticular activity system)
Restricting somatosensory input to the thalamus produces the _____ rhythm.
SMR
Reducing sensory input to the thalamus produces the “inattentive drowsiness” characteristic of the ____ rhythm.
theta
___ and ___ are two “idling” frequencies
Alpha and theta…also SMR
Which EEG rhythm is between 7.5 and 12.5 Hz?
alpha
Which two landmarks would you use to draw a line from the front to the back of the skull?
nasion to inion
The International 10-20 system places odd numbers on the ____ side.
left
Which electrodes are used in monopolar recording
one active and one reference
What does Hz mean and how is it related to frequency?
Hz is the number of cycles per second and is the unit of frequency
When are two EEG waveforms phase-synchronous
same frequency and the peaks and valleys coincide
Lubar’s ADHD protocol trains children to reduce ____ activity and replace it with ____ activity
reduce 4-8 Hz activity and replace it with 16-20 Hz activity.
Sterman’s grand mal epilepsy protocol trains patients to increase 12-14 Hz activity and decrease _____.
4-7 Hz, 20+ Hz, epileptiform spikes, and EMG artifact.
Which hemisphere mediates negative affect?
right hemisphere
EEG amplitude is measured in _____.
microvolts
Lubar’s ADD/ADHD protocol for children requires an average of ____ sessions.
35
Which describes the EEG beta rhythm?
desynchronous
Why is beta signal amplitude low?
Since large populations of neurons do not fire in step during beta activity, the signal amplitude is low.
Lubar cautions families considering ADD/ADHD protocol for their children that
that continued use of medication may be required, learning exercises will be incorporated into neurofeedback training, and there will be a several-year follow-up
Ayers and colleagues start neurofeedback for open head trauma at the _______
somatosensory cortex
What triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles to the release zone of an axon terminal button?
calcium entry into the terminal button
hen neurons depolarize _______. This makes the neurons more _______ inside.
sodium ions enter, positive
when vigilance input to the thalamus is reduced, this results in inattentive drowsiness. Which EEG rhythm is associated with this state?
theta
The Peniston and Kulkosky protocol for treating addiction incorporates _____ alpha-theta neurofeedback sessions across 28 days.
30
Ayers treated 32 level 2 coma patients, who were comatose for more than 2 months, noninvasively with neurofeedback. How many of these patients emerged from their comas after 1-6 treatments?
25 of 32
When a patient relaxes without cognitive activity, this increases the ______ rhythm.
alpha
The _______ interacts with the cortex to produce cortical EEG rhythms
Thalamus
The goal of alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for depression reported by Baehr and colleagues is to ______ the difference between ______ frontal alpha amplitude with respect to total left and right frontal alpha amplitude.
Increase; right-left
Ayers and colleagues’ neurofeedback protocol for open head trauma trains patients to _______.
decrease 4-7 Hz activity and increase 15-18 Hz activity
Experimental patients who received Peniston and Kulkosky’s alpha-theta protocol for alcoholism and control patients were assessed over a 24-month follow-up period. Across this period, ____ of the 10 experimental and ____ of the 10 controls maintained abstinence.
8, 0
hich dominant frequency would you expect in the EEG of a healthy, awake adult?
atleast 13
hen training children with ADD/ADHD, Lubar attempts to decrease ______ activity and increase ______ activity.
4-8 Hz; 16-20 Hz
he rationale for alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for mood disorders is that _______.
the left frontal area mediates approach behavior
An axon hillock must typically become ______ more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential.
20 mV
Which EEG waveform did Sheer associate with “focused arousal” during learning?
40 Hz
Sterman (1994) proposed that _______ systems mainly influence thalamic generation of field potentials recorded from the scalp.
vigilance, sensorimotor integration, and cognitive integration
The latency of a skin conductance response (SCR) is _____ seconds.
1-3
dummy subject could help check the calibration of an electrodermograph for _____.
kin conductance and skin resistance
Skin potential level is measured in _______.
millivolts
Labiles show higher resting _____ and larger ____and more rapid responses to stimuli and return to resting levels than stabiles.
SCLs; SCRS
Which pathway produces sweating to increase fine motor control?
premotor
what is the combination of electrodes used in a single amplifier channel?
a derivative
reathing pattern can influence EEG training. For example, when hyperventilation constricts cerebral blood vessels, it generates ______ activity
theta
Which bandpass can be used to measure low beta EEG activity?
13-21 Hz
hich dominant frequency would you expect in the EEG of a healthy, awake adult?
Atleast 13 Hz
hen vigilance input to the thalamus is reduced, this results in inattentive drowsiness. Which EEG rhythm is associated with this state?
Theta
Which describes the EEG beta rhythm?
desynchronous
The _______ interacts with the cortex to produce cortical EEG rhythms.
thalamus
In which range is gamma activity found?
36-44 Hz
Anxiety, hypervigilance, and panic are associated with the _____ range.
19-36 Hz; high beta
19-36 Hz
high beta.
An axon hillock must typically become ______ more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential.
10-20 mv
When neurons depolarize _______. This makes the neurons more _______ inside.
sodium ions enter;positive
The rationale for alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for mood disorders is that
the left frontal area mediates approach behavior
Which triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles to the release zone of an axon terminal button?
calcium entry into the terminal button
Lubar’s ADHD protocol for children requires an average of ____ sessions.
35
The goal of alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for depression reported by Baehr and colleagues is to ______ the difference between ______ frontal alpha amplitude with respect to total left and right frontal alpha amplitude.
ncrease, right-left
The Peniston and Kulkosky protocol for treating addiction incorporates _____ alpha-theta neurofeedback sessions across 28 days.
30
Ayers and colleagues’ neurofeedback protocol for open head trauma trains patients to
decrease 4-7 Hz activity and increase 15-18 Hz activity.
Sherlin, Arns, Lubar, and Sokhadze (2010) suggested that medication may be more appropriate than neurofeedback when the primary symptom is
hyperactivity.
Evidence-Based Practice in Biofeedback and Neurofeedback (2008) rated neurofeedback for anxiety at level
4 - efficacious.
When training children with ADHD, Lubar attempts to decrease ______ activity and increase ______ activity.
4-8 Hz, 16-20 Hz
vidence-Based Practice in Biofeedback and Neurofeedback (2008) rated neurofeedback for traumatic brain injury at level
3 - probably efficacious.
Experimental patients who received Peniston and Kulkosky’s alpha-theta protocol for alcoholism and control patients were assessed over a 24-month follow-up period. Across this period, ____ of the 10 experimental and ____ of the 10 controls maintained abstinence.
8, 0
Botox and endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy (ETS) are medical treatments for
hyperhidrosis.
Diabetic neuropathy involves the _____ of nerves.
degeneration and inflammation
educed pain and peripheral limb perception is a common problem in
foot ulcer
Which nerves are affected by diabetic neuropathy?
peripheral
In _____, patients present with excessive perspiration by the hands and feet
hyperhidrosis
In which disorder might temperature biofeedback speed the removal of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and protease enzymes to reduce pain?
arthritis
4-7 Hz
Theta
8-13 Hz
Alpha
20-50 Hz
Beta
36-100 Hz
gamma
what is the source of slwo cortical potentials?
Glial cells
source of alpha
Neocortex and thalamus
12-15 Hz
SMR
high beta?
16-20
drowsiness artifact occurs when
stage 1 or2 of sleep
Efficacious rating for anxiety?
4
Efficacious rating for epilepsy?
4
Efficacious rating for Depression?
4
Efficacious rating for Alcholism/substance abuse?
3
Efficacious rating for ADHD?
5
Efficacious rating for TBI?
3
