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biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What evidence is there for evolution in relation to Respiration

A

All Respiration produces ATP

But different Respiratory substances

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2
Q

What cells respire

A

All eukaryota

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3
Q

What stages make up aerobic Respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transfer chain

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4
Q

What stages are in anaerobic Respiration

A

Glycolysis

Oxidation of reduced NAD

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5
Q

Describe glycosis

A

Glucose is phosphorylated to phosphorylated glucose using 2 ATP

Hydrolysis using water to produce triose phosphate

Oxidation to pyruvate using 2 ADP and 2 NAD per triose phosphate

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6
Q

Why must glucose be phosphorylated in glycolysis

A

Glucose isn’t very reactive

Phosphorylation allows glucose to be hydrolysed and oxidised

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7
Q

What is a coenzyme

A

Organic molecule need for some enzymes to function

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8
Q

Describe the link reaction

A

Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate
Requires 1NAD and produces 1 co2

Combined with coenzyme a to produce acetyl Coenzyme a

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Where does the link reaction occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

How does pyruvate move from the cytoplasm to where the link reaction occurs

A

Active transport using carrier proteins

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12
Q

What is the function of the link reaction

A

To link glycolysis and Krebs cycle

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13
Q

Overall what is produced in glycolysis of one glucose

A

2 ATP
2 reduced NAD
2 pyruvate

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14
Q

Overall what is produced by the end of the link reaction for one glucose

A

2 ATP
2co2
2 acteyl coenzyme A
4 reduced NAD

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15
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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16
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl coa is combined with oxaloacetate to produce citrate and coenzyme A

A series of redox reactions producing 1 ATP 3 reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD and 2 co2 coverts citrate to oxaloacetate

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17
Q

How is ATP produced in the Krebs cycle

A

Substrate level Phosphorylation

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18
Q

Overall what is produced up to the Krebs cycle for one glucose

A

4 ATP 10 reduced NAD 2 reduced FAD 6co2

19
Q

What’s the importance of the Krebs cycle

A

Breaks down macro molecules into micro molecules (acetyl coa to co2)

Provides reduced coenzymes for the Etc

Regenerates oxaloacetate which would otherwise accumulate

Source of immediate compounds for manufacture of Amino acids and fatty acids

20
Q

Wher is the energy released in the Etc stored

A

In electrons as potential energy

21
Q

What does ETC stand for

A

Electron transfer chain

22
Q

What is need for the ETC

A

Reduced Coenzymes
Cytochromes
Oxygen
ATP synthase

23
Q

Describe how the ETC works

A

Reduced NAD releases electrons and protons

Electrons enter the ETC via Cytochromes. As electrons are passed along via redox reactions energy is released

Energy used to pump protons into intermembranal space where conc increase creating gradient

Protons diffuse down gradient back into matrix via ATP synthase using facilitated diffusion releasing energy required to synthesis ATP.

Protons and electrons recombine with oxygen to form water

24
Q

What theory is used to explain the ETC

A

Chemiosmotic theory

25
Q

By what method is ATP synthesised

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

26
Q

Explain the importance of oxygen in the ETC

A

Acts as terminal/ final electron acceptor

Wihtout it electrons would accumulate and reduced NAD would not be oxidised to NAD so links and Krebs stop working

27
Q

Describe how the movement of electrons in the ETC releases energy

A

Each successive cytochrome is a little lower in energy

Electrons move down energy gradient

Energy released in small amounts preventing heat loss

28
Q

What Respiratory substrates may be used

A

Lipids
Proteins
glucose

29
Q

Describe how lipids are used as Respiratory substances

A

Lipid is hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol

Glycerol into triose phosphate into glycolysis

Fatty acids into acetate into link reaction

30
Q

Why do lipids release more energy than glucose in Respiration.

A

Many H produced means many reduced coenzymes

31
Q

Describe the Respiration of protein

A

Hydrolyse into Amino acids

Deaminiation to remove amine group

Converted into 3 carbon or 4/5 carbon chains

3c =pyruvate

4/5c = kreb cycle intermediates

32
Q

Describe what conditions would cause anaerobic Respiration in plants mad fugi

A

Water logged fields

33
Q

Describe anaerobic Respiration in plants and fungi

A

Glucose converted into pyruvate in glycolysis

Pyruvate reduced into ethanol and co2 oxidising the NAD to produced NAD for use in glycolysis

34
Q

Describe conditions in which anaerobic Respiration would occur in animals

A

Extrenuous exercise

35
Q

Describe anaerobic Respiration in animals

A

Glucose to pyruvate in glycolysis

Reduction of pyruvate to lactate via oxidation of reduced NAD to produce NAD for use in glycolysis

36
Q

How many ATP molecules produced from 1 reduced NAD

A

3

37
Q

How many ATP molecules produced from 1 reduced FAD

A

2

38
Q

What advantage is there to anaerobic Respiration in muscles

A

Immediate energy source = lactate

PH levels restored

39
Q

What are the consequences of anaerobic Respiration

A

Reduction of PH due to lactic acid

Denature of protein

Less efficient ATP production (rate of glycolysis increases to compensate)

40
Q

What occurs after anaerobic Respiration once oxygen is reintroduced

A

Lactate converted into pyruvate or glucose and then glycogen

41
Q

How do you measure the rate of Respiration

A

Rate of O2 uptake or co2 production

Using cappilary tube with dye.

42
Q

What measurements are needed to record rate of Respiration

A

Distance travelled by dye

Diameter of tube

Time

Mass of organism

43
Q

What causes the dye to move in calculating rate of Respiration

A

Reduced O2 volume decreases the pressure causing the dye to be drawn towards the organism

KOH needed to absorb co2 which would otherwise displace the O2

biology (28 decks)

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