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Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Define habitat

A

Place where a community of organisms normally lives

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2
Q

Define community

A

All populations of different organisms interacting at a particular place at the same time

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3
Q

Define ecosystem

A

All living and non-living components in an area

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4
Q

Define biodiversity

A

Number and variety of organisms in an area

Range and variety of genes, species and habitats in a particular area

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5
Q

Define species diversity

A

Number of different species and number of individuals of each species in a community

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6
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

Different genes possessed by individuals of the same species

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7
Q

Define ecosystem diversity

A

Number a different hábitats in an area

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8
Q

What types of diversity sre there

A

Species
Genetic
Ecosystem
Bio

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9
Q

What do individuals of the Same species have in common

A

Both occupy same ecological niche
Breed to produce fertile offspring
They are similar

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10
Q

What is the system of naming organisms called

A

Binomial system

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11
Q

Describe the binomial system

A

Given generic name (genus) and specific name (species)

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12
Q

How do you name an organism if you don’t know its species but do know its genus

A

Name genus and then add sp.

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13
Q

Why is the binomial system used

A

Prevent confusion and allows a universal language to be used

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14
Q

How do similar courtship behaviours indicate two organisms are genetically similar

A

Courtship behaviours are determined by genes and show similar biochemical and physical processes

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15
Q

How does courtship behaviour allow for successful mating?

A

Allows recognition and identification of organism of same species

Allows bond pair to form (raise offspring)

Indicates sexual maturity and fitness

Allows synchronisation of mating (egg and sperm more likely to meet)

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16
Q

Define classification

A

Grouping of organisms

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17
Q

Why is classification important

A

Allows clarity and better communication

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18
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Theory and practise of classification

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19
Q

What are the two types of classification

A

Artificial and phylogenetic

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20
Q

Describe artificial classification

A

Based on physical, convinient features.

Features of same function but different evolutionary origins (analogous characteristics)

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21
Q

Describe phylogenetic classification

A

Using evolutionary relationships

Using homologous features determined by genes passed on by ancestors (same evolutionary origin despite function)

Uses hierarchy

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22
Q

Name the taxonomic ranks (taxa)

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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23
Q

Name the domains in phylogenetic classification

A

Archea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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24
Q

Describe the bacterial domain

A 
70s ribosomes
No histones
No membrane bound organelles
Murein cell walls
Circular DNA
Unicellular
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25
Describe the archea domain
70s ribosomes Genes and protein Synthesis more similar to eukaryota No Murein in cell walls More complex RNA polymerase compared to bacteria Ether links in lipids Unicellular prokaryotes
26
Describe the eukaryotic domain
``` No Murein in cell wall if present Histones bound to DNA Membrane bound organelles 80s ribosomes Ester links in lipids Multicellular ```
27
Define phylogeny
Classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships
28
How is phylogeny usually depicted
Using a phylogenetic tree
29
What evidence is used in a phylogenetic tree
``` Fossil records DNA Homologous structures Karyotype Anatomy ```
30
Define Karyotype
Shape and number of chromosomes
31
What are the two ways of measuring diversity
Species richness and diversity index
32
What is used to calculate the diversity of a community using no of species and individuals
Simpson diversity index
33
Why is the diversity index better than species richness
Takes into account how many individuals there are of each species Takes into account dominant species Provides quantitative data
34
What does a diversity index of 1 indicate
No diversity
35
Compare the biodiversity of a harsh and a less harsh environment
Harsh= low biodiversity, less stable and dominated by climatic factors Less harsh= high biodiversity, stable and dominated by organisms
36
What is meant by dominated by climatic factors
Climate has a greater effect on the ecosystem than organisms do
37
What are the two types of ecosystem. Give characteristics
Natural= high BD mad complex Agricultural = one main crop and low BD
38
Describe an agricultural ecosystem
Pesticides are used which reduces presence of species able to outcompete the crop Plants compete for resources such as mineral ions and water Reduced gene pool as all have desired characteristics (profitable)
39
What is a monoculture
When all crops grown are of Same variety
40
How has food production been increased
Use of pesticides and fertilisers Increased use of biotechnology Better farming practises Monoculture Larger farms
41
How is biodiversity reduced
``` Use of pesticides Removal of hedgerows Monoculture Filling in ponds Overgrazing No intercropping or crop rotation with nitrogen fixing crops Escape of silage ```
42
What methods of conservation are there
``` A shaped hedgerows Cut verges after flowering Don't drain fields Intercropping instead of herbicides Crop rotation with nitrogen fixing crops Use organic fertilisers Plant trees in areas of low BD Create ponds Use GM instead of pesticides Create natural meadows and use Hay not grass for silage Produce conservation headlands ```
43
Why are hedgerows so important
``` Prevent soil erosion Provide wide break Provide shelter from predators Diverse habitat Shade and food ```
44
Why are rains forests so diverse
Large range of plant species = more variety of food and more habitats
45
Why does deforestation occur
``` Acid rain Cattle Houses Road making Crops Oil and mining ```
46
What are the consequences of deforestation
Soil erosion Land slides Low BD Global warming
47
Why should we conserve the rainforest
May contain medicine we haven't discovered | Regulate climate
48
How is diversity observed within a species
Differences in observable characteristics
49
What causes diversity within a species
Genetic variation and environmental influences
50
Why are observable differences in a specific characteristic not always the best way to determine genetic difference
Many characteristics are polygenic and environmental factors will play a role
51
Define polygenic
A characteristic that is determined by multiple genes
52
What are the different ways of investigating diversity
``` Observable characteristics DNA base sequences MRNA base sequence Amino acid sequence Immunological proteins ```
53
How are genes compared using DNA base sequencing
DNA extracted Gene isolated Sequenced and compared
54
Why do two species have different DNA base sequences of the same gene
Before speciation they had the same bases Overtime mutations to gene accumulate Eventually they are very different
55
Why can the Amino acid sequence of a particular protein be used to investigate diversity
Proteins are coded for by bases on DNA so similar proteins = similar DNA
56
Why is DNA base sequencing more reliable than comparing amino acid sequences
DNA is degenerate so same Amino acid may be coded for by multiple triplets. So may be wide variation in possible base sequences of gene
57
Why can Immunological comparison be used to investigate diversity
Antidodies are coded for by DNA (they are proteins) and have specific shape depending on DNA. Similar genes =similar 3D structure = antigen antibody complex forms
58
Describe how Immunological comparisons are made
You want to compare species A and C Extract albumin of A and place in Species B. Species B will produce antibodies to proteins in A. Collect antibodies and purify and add to blood of C. Antigen antibody complexes will form. More similar genes = more similar 3D shape of antigens = more complexes= more precipitate
59
What is albumin
Soluble proteins extracted from blood
60
Define interspecific variation
Variation between individuals of different species
61
Define intraspecific variation
Variation between individuals of same species
62
Explain the difference between population and sample
Population = all members Sample= smaller group within population that is representative
63
Define random sampling
Picking a sample from a population without bias
64
Suggest how you can take a random sample
Divide up an area into atleast 10 quadrats and use a random number generator to choose 5 coordinates. Choose all organisms in quadrat
65
Why might a sample not be representative
Sampling bias Chance
66
How can chance be minimised
Use a large sample size Data analysis (determine whether comparison is due to chance) Repeats and means
67
How can bias be minimised
Use random sampling
68
Why does having a large sample size solve the problem of chance
Reduces the effect of anomalies
69
Describe the shape of normal Distribution
Bell shaped Varies in max height and width Mean=median= mode Data is spread evenly around mean
70
What is the advantages and disadvantages of using the mean
Takes into account all values Doesn't show range
71
What is the advantages and disadvantages of standard deviation
Takes into account all data Shows how spread around mean Reduces influence of extremes
72
What can we use the SD for
To determine how statistically significant the deference between two variable is To determine how reliable the mean is
73
What % of data is within 1 SD in normal Distribution
68%
74
What % of data is within 2 SD in normal Distribution
95
75
What % of data is within 3 SD in normal Distribution
98
76
What's the difference between range and error bars
Range bars are not symmetrical and span from highest to lowest value Error bars are symmetrical and range from +1 SD and - 1 SD, doesn't take into account extremes
77
What is SRCC
A measure to determine how correlated two variables are
78
What is the student t test
A measure to compare means
79
What is the chi squared test
Measure to compare sample to expected

biology (28 decks)

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