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biology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is digestión?

A

The hydrolysis of large insoluble macromolecules to smaller soluble micromolecules

Breakdown and absorption and assimilation

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2
Q

What is the exchange surface in digestion?

A

Ileum

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3
Q

State the stages of digestión

A 
Ingestion
Digestión
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion
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4
Q

Define assimilation

A

When nutrients are incorporated and used within a cell (make proteins)

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5
Q

Name the organs involved in digestion

A 
Salivary Glands
Oesophagus
Stomach
Ileum
 pancreas
Liver 
Colon 
Rectum 
anus
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6
Q

What is the role of the salivary Glands?

A

Produce saliva (salivary amylase and mineral salts)

Hydrolyse starch to maltose

Maintain pH 7 for optimum function of amylase

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7
Q

How does saliva get to the mouth?

A

Through a duct

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8
Q

What and how is the esophagus adapted for?

A

Transportation

Thick muscular walls

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9
Q

What is the function of the stomach and how is it adapted?

A

Store and digest and breakdown food

Endopeptidases

Hcl= acid =optimum for peptidase

Strong muscular walls= pummel food

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10
Q

What is the function of the stomach and how is it adapted?

A

Store and digest and breakdown food

Endopeptidases

Hcl= acid =optimum for peptidase

Strong muscular walls= pummel food

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11
Q

Why does the stomach produce mucus?

A

Protect linig cells from protease and acid

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12
Q

What is the function of the pancreas and how does it achieve this?

A

Secrete enzymes for digestion

Secretes/empties pancreatic juices into ileum
Contains peptidase, lipase and amylase (pancreatic)

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13
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produce bile salts to lower pH the 7 optimum enzyme function and emulsify fats

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14
Q

What and how is the ileum adapted for?

A

Absorption of soluble molecules

Villi and microvilli

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15
Q

What is the function of the Colon?

A

Reabsorb water e.g from secretions

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16
Q

What is the function of the Rectum?

A

Store feceas before egestion

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17
Q

What are the two types of digestión?

A

Physical breakdown

Chemical digestion

18
Q

What does physical breakdown involve? Why does it happen?

A

Teeth and stomach to breakdown food into smaller pieces.

Allow ingestion

Increase sa for enzyme action

19
Q

What is chemical digestión and why does it occur?

A

Hydrolysis of bonds using enzymes

Allow substances to be absorbed

20
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaking of a bond by adding a water molecule to it

21
Q

Outline the steps of carbohydrate digestion

A

Starch to maltose in mouth due to salivary amylase

Digestión stopped in stomach due to acid
(de nature)

Further digestión to maltose in ileum due to pancreatic amylase

Digestión to alpha glucose due to membrane bound maltase

Absorption of glucose via co transport with sodium ions

Transport of glucose via bloodstream

Assimilation of glucose in cells

22
Q

What components aid with strach digestion and why?

A

Salivary amylase: Hydrolyse alternage glycosidic bonds

Mineral salts: maintain neutral PH for optimum function of enzymes

23
Q

Why do we chew our food?

A

To physically break down the food into smaller pieces

Increase sa for enzyme action

Allow food to be throughly mixed with saliva so enzyme and substrates come into contact, more es complexes

24
Q

How do the pancreatic juices aid starch digestión in the ileum?

A

Juices secreted into ileum

Contain pancreatic amylase to Hydrolyse alternate glycosidic bonds

Contain alkaline salts to maintain neutral PH (neutralise stomach acid) for optimum function of amylase

25
Q

Why is it important for the ileum to have strong muscular walls?

A

To move the contents along

For egestion

Allow substrates to come into contact with membrane bound enzymes

26
Q

What are sucrase and lactase

A

Membrane bound dissacharidases

Hydrolyse glycosidic bonds in dissacharides sucrose or lactose

27
Q

Outline the stages of protein digestion

A

Endopeptidases in stomach Hydrolyse specific peptide bonds in the middle of polypeptide chain

Exopeptidases and Endopeptidases in pancreatic juices Hydrolyse further (peptide bonds towards ends=exo) in ileum

Membrane bound dipeptidases Hydrolyse glycosidic bonds between specific dipeptides

Amino acid absorption via co transport with sodium ions

Travel in blood stream

Assimilation in cells

28
Q

Where are endo peptidase found?

A

Ileum(Pancreatic juices)

Stomach

29
Q

What is the function of Endopeptidases?

A

Hydrolyse peptide bonds between specific Amino acids in the middle of the polypeptide chain.

Prdoduce more ends for faster rate of protein digestion in ileum by Exopeptidases

30
Q

Where are exo peptidase found?

A

Ileum (Pancreatic juices)

31
Q

What is the function of Exopeptidases?

A

Hydrolyse peptide bonds between specific Amino acids at the end of the polypeptide chain

32
Q

Compare the products of exo, endo and do peptidase reactions

A

Endo= small polypeptide chain

Exo= dipeptides, Amino acids, shorter polypeptide chain

Di= Amino acids

33
Q

Outline the steps of lipid digestion

A

Bile salts emulsify lipid droplets into micelles

Pancreatic lipase Hydrolyse ester bonds (monoglycerides and fatty acids) and package them into smaller micelles

Micelles breakdown to release monoglycerides and fatty acids near epitheilal cells

Monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed via simple diffusion into epithelial cell

Transported to ER where they are made into triglycerides

Transported to golgi apparatus where lipoproteins and cholesterol are added to form chylomicrons

Chylomicrons are removed via exocytosis into lacteal (lymphatic capillary)

Pass into blood

Lipases in endothelial cells Hydrolyse ester bonds to release monoglycerides and fatty acids which diffuse into cell

34
Q

What are micelles? Why do they form?

A

Small droplets of lipids

Adapted to transport poorly soluble monoglycerides and fatty acids to epithelial cells

35
Q

Why must the micelles break down before the lipids can diffuse into the cells?

A

Micelles are to big to diffuse across the plasma membrane

Monoglycerides and fatty acids are non-polar and lipid soluble

36
Q

What are chylomicrons and why do they do?

A

Lipoprotein made of cholesterol, monoglycerides and fatty acids

Adapted to transport lipids

Water soluble

37
Q

Why are bile salts produced (by what organ)?

A

Liver

Emulsify lipid droplets

Increase sa

Increase rate of reaction

38
Q

How is the ileum adapted for absorption?

A

Villi and microvilli increase sa

Villi= one cell thick surface layer = short diffusion pathway

Muscular walls and contract and good blood supply= maintain conc gradient

Membrane bound enzymes= short diffusion pathway

39
Q

Function of lipid droplets

A

Allow more sa for enzyme action

40
Q

Contrast lipid droplet and Michelle function

A

Lipid droplet= increase sa

Micelle=transport fatty acids and monoglycerides to epithelial cells

biology (28 decks)

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