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Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does respiratory pathway consist of ?

A 
. nose
. nasal cavity
. paranasal sinuses
. pharynx
. larynx
. trachea
. bronchi
. alveoli
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2
Q

what is the conducting portion of respiratory tract ?

A

nose through the larger bronchioles

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3
Q

what is the function of conducting portion of respiratory tract ?

A

. no gas exchange occurs here

. air is cleaned , warmed , moistened

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4
Q

what is in the respiratory part of tract ?

A

. small bronchioles and alveoli

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5
Q

what happens in the respiratory part of tract ?

A

. gas exchange

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6
Q

what is the function of nasal cavity ?

A 
. conducts air to the pharynx
. contains olfactory receptors
. warms air
. moistens air
. cleans air
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7
Q

why is the air warmed in nasal cavity ?

A

lung has a big surface air so when you breathe in cold air temperature drops

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8
Q

why does nasal cavity moisten air ?

A

in order for gas exchange to happen oxygen and carbon dioxide must dissolve so air must be moist
if alveoli was dry, it would not be able to absorb respiratory gases.

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9
Q

why is air cleaned in nasal cavity?

A

to get rid of dirt and junk in air

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10
Q

what are olfactory receptors?

A

they line superior region of the nasal cavity
they are bipolar cells
produce action potential

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11
Q

what is the nasal cavity most lined with ?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium containing goblet cells and nasal glands

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12
Q

what are the nasal glands secretions?

A

serous and mucous

they also contain antibacterial enzymes such as lysozyme

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13
Q

what is the function of mucous in the nasal cavity ?

A

traps impurities to clean the air

/they help warm and moisten hair

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14
Q

what is the function of serous secretions in nasal cavity ?

A

moisten the air

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15
Q

what is the function of superficial blood vessels in nasal cavity?

A

warm the air

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16
Q

what is the function of cilia ?

A

the cilia of the nasal epithelium beat moving trapped impurities to the pharynx were they are swallowed (the mucous)- get rid of it.

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17
Q

what happens in cold weather to the beating of cilia ?

A

beating of cilia slows down and nose drips

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18
Q

what do increased nasal secretions do ?

A

increased nasal secretions account for stuffed up , runny noses

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19
Q

what is the function of sensory nerve endings?

A

trigger the sneeze reflex to expel impurities

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20
Q

what is paranasal sinuses ?

A

air filled spaces/sinues that surround nasal cavity, they also contain blood vessel- (also serve to warm the air)
found in bones around nose

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21
Q

what is the function of paranasal sinuses ?

A

decrease the weight of skull , they also warm and moisten the air

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22
Q

what happens after air passes through nasal cavity ?

A

enters the pharynx before entering larynx

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23
Q

what is larynx?

A

is the complex tube (modified part of the trachea) - which is made of muscle and cartilage.

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24
Q

what is the function of larynx?

A

muscles contract to vibrate the vocal folds- sound

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25
Q

what is trachea?

A

10-12 cm long tube connecting the larynx to the primary bronchi

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26
Q

what happens when primary bronchi goes into lungs ?

A

they subdivide into secondary bronchi and bronchioles

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27
Q

what lies next to trachea ?

A

oesophagus where food goes through

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28
Q

what is the trachea surrounded by ?

A

C-shaped cartilaginous rings

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29
Q

what is the function of C-shaped cartilaginous rings that surround trachea?

A

its c-shaped to allow trachea to change shape

stops trachea collapsing every time we eat

30
Q

what is the structure of trachea?

A

. inner surface is covered by mucosa which is ciliated pseudostratified epithelium , goblet cell

. the submucosa contain seromucous glands whose secretion along with goblet cells trap impurities and moisten the air
-the cilia beat to move the trapped impurities to the pharynx- to swallow mucous
. smooth muscle

31
Q

why is there smooth muscle in trachea?

A

regulate flow of air by increasing/decreasing diameter of trachea

32
Q

how does the structure of respiratory tract simplify as one progress downwards from the trachea?

A

. the cartilaginous rings are simplified to isolated plaques before disappearing
. the epithelium changes form pseudostratified to simple columnar to cuboidal to squamous in alveoli
. the number of goblet cells decrease
. number of cilia also decrease
. elastic fibres remain constant through out system

33
Q

why cilia still made when there is no mucous ?

A

mucous falls down due to gravity

34
Q

what does terminal bronchioles signify ?

A

the end of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract ?

35
Q

describe what makes up the respiratory portion of respiratory tract ?

A

. terminal bronchioles which branch into smaller respiratory bronchioles , which are studded with isolated alveoli
. these lead to alveolar ducts containing more alveoli
. finally leading to alveolar sacs made up of many alveoli

36
Q

where does gas exchange happen ?

A

within alveoli

37
Q

what is the function of pulmonary artery?

A

delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs

38
Q

what does pulmonary artery divide into?

A

it divides into smaller vessels (arterioles) until each alveolus is covered by a network of capillaries , before blood returns to the heart via pulmonary vein

39
Q

what is each alveolus surrounded by ?

A

each alveolus is surrounded by a dense network of capillaries containing oxygenated blood

40
Q

what are the three types of cells that line the alveoli/separating the air in alveoli from the blood in the capillaries?

A
  1. the walls of the alveoli are mostly composed of simple squamous epithelial cells (type 1)
  2. surfactant secreting cells (type of epithelial cells) (type 2)- produce surfactant
  3. alveolar macrophages -to protect surface
    everything contains elastic fibres/c.t in respiratory system
41
Q

what is the function of alveolar pores between alveoli ?

A

equalise the pressure within the lungs

42
Q

what is function of surfactant?

A

.contains antimicrobial proteins
. lowers surface tension - this is because water molecules are more attracted to each other than to air/atmosphere , thus when alveoli is emptied of air they tend to collapse and walls stick together making it hard to reinflate
. surfactant ensure that lungs don’t collapse when you breathe in by interfering with cohesiveness of water molecules

43
Q

what is the air:blood interface?

A

thin barrier that separates air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
provides a barrier of minimal thickness for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide- SIMPLE DIFFUSION

44
Q

what is the size of air:blood interface?

A

0.5 um

45
Q

what is the air:blood interface composed of ?

A
  1. layer of surfactant
  2. simple squamous epithelia of alveoli
  3. basement membranes of alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelium
  4. simple squamous capillary endothelial cells
46
Q

why is the alveoli lined with fluid?- gas diffusion (at lungs and tissues)

A
  • allowing gases to diffuse and dissolve

- gas will move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

47
Q

what is daltons law?

A

in a mixture of gases , the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of partial pressure of individual gases

48
Q

what is normal atmospheric pressure?

A

760mmHg
partial pressure of oxygen is 21% of 760 = 160mmHg
partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 0.3% 0f 760 = 0.3mmHg

49
Q

explain the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli compared to the atmosphere?

A

the partial pressure of oxygen is lower and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the alveoli compared to the atmosphere , this is because alveoli contains stale air and oxygen is absorbed while carbon dioxide is given off

50
Q

why does oxygen diffuse into blood and carbon dioxide into the capillaries ?

A

blood arriving at the lungs is poorer in oxygen and richer in carbon dioxide than the alveoli

51
Q

why does oxygen diffuse into tissue and carbon dioxide into blood?

A

blood arriving at the tissue has a higher partial pressure of oxygen therefore diffusing into tissue and lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide than the tissue

52
Q

explain what happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide at lungs ?

A

oxygen diffuses into blood

carbon dioxide diffuses out blood

53
Q

what happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide at tissue?

A

oxygen diffuses into tissue

carbon dioxide diffuses out into blood

54
Q

how is most oxygen transported?

A

most oxygen is transported in combination with heamoglobin in red blood cells

55
Q

what is heamoglobin composed off ?

A

heamoglobin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains , each bound to a heam group
the iron in each heam binds a molecule of oxygen

56
Q

how is carbon dioxide distributed in the body?

A

. 7-10% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma
. 20% is bound to the globin portion of heamoglobin
. 70% is dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ion

57
Q

where is the lung located?

A

the lungs sit in the pleural cavity of the thorax

58
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by ?

A

they are surrounded by a double layered serosa - the pleura

59
Q

what does pleura secrete?

A

the pleura secretes a fluid that fills the pleural cavity

60
Q

what is the function of fluid that is secreted by the pleura?

A

the fluid lubricates the movement of the lungs and surface tension ensures the lungs adhere to the walls of the thorax.
when the thorax moves so do the lungs

61
Q

what is boyles law?- mechanics of breathing

A

the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
so decreasing volume increases collisions and increases pressure
- 2nd law- a gas will move from an area of high pressure to a region of low pressure

62
Q

what are the 2 main muscles involved in pulmonary ventilation?

A

. intercostal muscle that join the ribs

. the diaphragm that separates the thorax from abdomen

63
Q

what happens during inspiration (inhalation)?

A

. thoracic volume increases
. external intercostal muscles contract , raise the rib cage , expanding the thorax- increasing throaic volume ( front/back direction)
. the diaphragm contract ,flattens expanding the thoracic volume ( up/down direction)
. the pressure in the lungs falls below atmoshperic pressure ( as their volume has increased and pressure decreases)
and air enters the lungs

64
Q

how much is thoracic dimensions changed by during inspiration?

A

. thoracic dimensions are only changed by a few mm in each direction , this is enough to change the volume around 500 ml
. during forced inspiration volumes are increases as secondary muscle produce bigger volume

65
Q

what happens during expiration ( exhalation)

A

. inspiratory muscles relax and the elasticity of the thorax decreases its volume
. pressure within the lungs increase above atmospheric pressure forcing air out
-passive process

66
Q

what happens during forced expiration?

A

abdominal muscle are forced against the diaphragm and internal intercostals pull down the ribs

67
Q

how is the basic rhythm of respiration is generated?

A

. is generated in a group of neurons in the pons of the brainstem called the ventral respiratory group (VRG)
. VRG uses pacemaker neuron like in the heart and stomach via a.p
. inspiratory neurons in the VRG stimulate the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle

68
Q

what is the function of neurons in the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) ?

A

they receive input from peripheral stretch receptors and chemoreceptors and modulates the rhythm set by the VRG

69
Q

what is the function of pontine respiratory system (PRC) ?

A

they modify the activity of VRG ( during speech , sleep and exercise)

70
Q

how is respiration modulated to suit the body’s need ?

A

. central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels to increase respiration.
. proprioceptors in muscle detect muscle activity(muscles are active) and facilitate respiration
. respiration can be influenced cortically
. stretch receptors in the lungs to inhibit respiration , preventing over inflation
. nociceptors in the lungs detect irritants and cause sneezes , coughs

71
Q

explain respiratory volumes?

A

. tidal volume - normal breath
. inspiratory reserve volume - amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume
. expiratory reserve volume - amount of air that can be expired forcibly beyond tidal volume
. vital capacity - biggest possible breath
. residual volume- air that cannot be expelled

Biology (30 decks)

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