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Cardiovascular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what does cardiovascular system consist of?

A

heart and the blood vessels

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2
Q

where is the heart located?

A

the heart is located behind sternum
1/3 of heart lies to the right of the midline
2/3 lies to the left
part of heart is covered by lungs

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3
Q

how many pumps does the heart do ?

A

2 pumps which distribute blood around
RHS - pumps blood to lung
LHS - pumps blood to body

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4
Q

how many layers are in the wall of heart?

A

the walls of the heart are divided into 3 layers

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5
Q

what are the 3 layers that make up walls of the heart?

A

. epicardium - external layer - tough outer protective thin transparent composed of connective tissue
. myocardium - bulk of the heart - cardiac muscle tissue - responsible for pumping action
. endocardium- inner layer - smooth endothelium , simple squamous epithelium ,continuous with major blood vessels entering and leaving the heart
ensures frictionless flow of blood

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6
Q

what is pericardial cavity/pericardium ?

A

. outer coat of heart which protects the heart and big blood vessels

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7
Q

what is the space between pericardial cavity and epicardium ?

A

space between pericardial cavity and epicardium is filled with pericardial fluid which is formed by pericardium

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8
Q

what is the function of pericardial fluid?

A

. lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures , and minimises the friction generated by heart as it contracts
-If cavity dries up- pericarditis- acquired defects.

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9
Q

what is myocardium?

A

middle layer of heart which serves to pump oxygenated blood around body
cardiac muscle

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10
Q

what is pericardium?

A

the heart is enclosed by pericardium
pericardium produces pericardial fluid
-There to anchor the heart is place but still give it freedom to move

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11
Q

what does inflammation of pericardium result in?

A

decreased secretion

this is example of acquired defect

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12
Q

what is the lining of heart made of ?

A

simple endothelium

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13
Q

what is the function of endocardium?

A

inner layer of heart which protect valves and heart chambers

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14
Q

what are the four chambers of heart?

A

. right atrium
. right ventricle
. left atrium
. left ventricle

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15
Q

function of right atrium?

A

deoxygenated blood drained through 2 vessels superior and inferior vena cava into right atrium
.receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps to right ventricle

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16
Q

what is the function of right ventricle?

A

. pumps deoxygenated blood back to lungs

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17
Q

what is the function of left atrium?

A

. receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to left ventricle

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18
Q

what is the function of left ventricle?

A

. pumps oxygenated blood to body

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19
Q

describe what happens in the circulatory system?

A
  1. heart has 4 chambers
  2. right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps to right ventricle
  3. right ventricle contracts and pushes blood out pulmonary arteries and deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs
  4. lung pick oxygenated blood and oxygenated blood goes to left side of heart
  5. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to left ventricle
  6. left ventricle contracts and pumps oxygenated blood to the body
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20
Q

what are the 3 openings of the heart?

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
fossa ovalis ( coronary sinus )

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21
Q

what is the function of superior vena cava?

A

The superior vena cava is the large vein which returns

deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head and neck

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22
Q

what is the function of inferior vena cava ?

A

the inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from lower body

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23
Q

what is the function of fossa ovalis / coronary sinus?

A

brings deoxygenated blood from heart to right atrium via fossa ovalis

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24
Q

how does blood leave the heart via the aorta to the rest of body?

A
  1. deoxygenated blood arrives at the right atrium
  2. deoxygenated blood from heart comes to right atrium via fossa ovalis
  3. when right atrium is full of deoxygenated blood , tricuspid valve opens and lets blood into right ventricle
  4. right ventricle contracts and closes this valve
  5. another valve opens ( semi lunar valve)
  6. blood is pushed out pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery takes blood to lung
    7.blood goes to lung and picks new oxygen
  7. new oxygen comes back to left atrium through pulmonary veins
  8. there are 4 openings from lungs to right atrium
    2 left and 2 right
  9. left atrium contracts when full and opens bicuspid valve
  10. blood goes lo left ventricle
  11. left ventricle contracts and open aorta
  12. oxygenated blood rushes out the aorta
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25
Q

why is the left side of heart stronger than the right?

A

the left ventricle is much more developed than the one on the right.
this corresponds to the greater force needed to push blood through the systemic circulation

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26
Q

what is the function of the right and left coronary arteries?

A

they supply the heart muscle with blood

they branch off the aorta where it emerges from the heart taking about 5% of the heart’s daily output

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27
Q

where do the right and left coronary artery branch from?

A

the left and right coronary artery branch off the aorta

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28
Q

what is the function of aorta?

A

the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the body

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29
Q

what are the two main types of valve in the heart?

A

. atrioventricular (AV) ( associated with opening between atria and ventricles -
bicuspid (left )and tricuspid ( right )
. semi lunar ( associated with exit from heart )- pulmonary and aortic

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30
Q

how many valves does the heart have?

A

. heart has 4 valves

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31
Q

what is the function of the 4 valves of the heart?

A

. they are purely passive and ensure blood flows around the heart in the correct direction

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32
Q

where is tricuspid AV located ?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

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33
Q

where is bicuspid AV located ?

A

bicuspid is located on the left of the heart between atria and ventricle

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34
Q

what does semilunar valve consist of ?

A

semilunar valve consist of 3.5 moon shaped cups

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35
Q

describe the action of semilunar valve?

A
  1. when ventricle is full of blood , ventricle contracts
  2. pressure rises , blood is pushed up against semilunar valve forcing them open
  3. ventricles relax , blood flows back down due to gravity , filling cups of semilunar valve forcing them to close
  4. semilunar valve stops blood falling back to ventricle
36
Q

what happens to semilunar valves when ventricles contract and relax?

A

ventricles contract - valve open

ventricles relax- valve close

37
Q

what are AV valve ?

A

flaps of connective tissue

38
Q

describe the action of AV valve?

A
  1. atrium contracts
  2. pushes AV valve open and blood comes into ventricle
  3. ventricle contracts papillary muscle contracts and chordae tendineae tighten preventing valve from everting into atria
39
Q

what is the main function of chordae tendinae?

A

. hold AV valve in place

. tension is put on AV valves during ventricular contraction to stop eversion by the chordae tendinae

40
Q

what is the main difference between AV valve and semilunar valve?

A

. AV valve have muscle in them

chordae tendinae which are attached to papillary muscle

41
Q

what is lub?

A

. AV valve shut

42
Q

what is dub?

A

. semilunar valve shut

43
Q

what are examples of valve defects?

A

. stenosis ( narrowing )

. regurgitation ( valve doesn’t shut properly )

44
Q

what can you do solve valve defects?

A

. defective valve can be replaced by using a mechanical valve

45
Q

what are the similarities between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

. both are striated

. both generate a lot of force

46
Q

what are the differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A
  1. skeletal muscle fibres have several peripheral nuclei , cardiac fibres have only one single central nucleus
  2. skeletal muscle fibres don’t branch . cardiac fibres branch
  3. cardiac muscles are joined by gap junctions ( intercalated disc ) forming syncitium
47
Q

what is syncitium ?

A

. sheet of muscle where individual cells are connected by gap junctions

48
Q

how many syncitia does cardiac muscle form ?

A

. cardiac muscle forms two syncitia one around the atria and another around the ventricles
. these are only joined by the bundle of his

49
Q

what does cardiac muscle contain ?

A

. myoglobin , many mitichondria

50
Q

what are the two phases of cardiac cycle?

A

. diastole ( relaxation )

. systole ( contraction )

51
Q

describe what happens in the two phases of cardiac cycle?

A
  1. blood flows into atria until full ( AV valve shut )
  2. AV valve opens and 70% of blood leaves atria passively
  3. remaining blood is squeezed out by atria contracting
  4. ventricles contract shutting AV valves
  5. semilunar valves open and blood leaves ventricles
  6. ventricles relax , and flow of blood shuts semilunar valve
52
Q

what system controls the heart?

A

the heart is under the control of ANS
sympathetic system speed it up
parasympathetic system slows it down

53
Q

how is the basic rhythm of the heart initiated?

A

the heart is myogenic meaning it generates its own action potential so the basic rhythm of the heart is initiated within the heart itself independent of ANS

54
Q

how is the myogenic rhythm of the heart maintained?

A

by the specialised excitatory and conductive muscle system

55
Q

where do the parts of the specialised excitatory and conductive muscle system lie?

A

. all the parts of the system are modified cardiac muscle and lie amongst the myocardium

56
Q

what are the parts that make up the specialised excitatory and conductive muscle system?

A

. SA node (pace maker) - this is where action potential is generated
. SA node is connected to atrioventricular node
. atrioventricular node is connected to bundle of his which bridges the gap between muscle sheet of atria and ventricle
. bundle of his splits into 2 purkinje fibres which go down between two ventricles

57
Q

what is the function of the specialised excitatory and conductive muscle system?

A

. ensure initiation of each cardiac contraction

and proper coordination of each cardiac cycle

58
Q

how does the inside of the SA node become more positive and reach threshold to fire action potential?

A

. the SA node is leaky to sodium , it thus depolarises slowly , reaches threshold and initiates action potential without external nervous output

59
Q

how does heart beat independent of ANS ?

A

SA node is leaky to sodium ions

60
Q

describe what happens once action potential has been initiated at SA node?

A
  1. action potential is generated at SA node by being leaky to sodium ions
  2. action potential spreads throughout 2 atria ( due to branching and intercalated discs) causing them to depolarise
  3. action potential is delayed at the AV node and bundle of his- to ensure atria contracts before ventricle
  4. action potential spreads along purkinje fibres and then ventricles ocntract
61
Q

why is action potential slowed down at bundle of his?

A

action potential is delayed by 0.1 sec at bundle of his to ensure atria contracts before ventricles .
this happens because bundle of his have small diameter so action potential takes a longer . time to get through them

62
Q

what is the function of bundle of his?

A

bundle of his connects atrial muscle sheet to ventricular muscle sheet

63
Q

what happens when there are defects in the excitatory/conductive system ?

A

defects in this system result in cardiac arrhythmias
. bradycardia < 60 bpm ( heart is too slow )
. tachycardia > 100 bpm ( heart is too fast )

64
Q

what happens when another part of system takes over from the SA node as pace maker ?

A

. ectopic pacemaker

65
Q

what happens when there is a complete break in the system ( bundle of his )

A

. heart block

66
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A

. series of very high frequency uncoordinated contractions > 300 bpm

67
Q

how can arrhythmias be fixed ?

A

artificial pacemakers

68
Q

how is the heart controlled by the ANS ?

A

. heart is innervated by ANS however it doesn’t only rely on ANS in order to stimulate
. the heart can be slowed by turning sympathetic supply off and by turning parasympathetic system on

69
Q

how does PNS control the heart

A

via vagus nerve - Ach causes increase in potassium permeability causing the heart to slow down

70
Q

how does SNS control the nervous system?

A

nor-adrenalin increases sodium permeability so heart speeds up

71
Q

what is ECG

A

recording representation of electrical conductivity of heart recorded at body surface

72
Q

what does the gap between P and Q wave mean in ECG ?

A

how long it takes action potential to get through bundle of his

73
Q

what does S-T mean in ECG ?

A

how long is ventricle contraction

74
Q

what does T mean in ECG ?

A

ventricle relaxing

75
Q

how is heart block presented in ECG ?

A

some P waves are not transmitted . thus QRS and T waves are not present

76
Q

how is congenital long QT syndrome presented in ECG ?

A

genetic defect causing sodium channels to stay open

. distance from Q - T is long meaning ventricles stay open

77
Q

What is the irregularities of the ECG?

A
  1. Heart block
  2. Ventricular Fibrillation
  3. Congenital Long -QT syndrome
  4. Variable QT interval
78
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

is a series of very high frequency uncoordinated contractions (>300 bpm)

79
Q

What is Heart block?

A

A complete break in the system (Bundle of His)

80
Q

What can defects in the system result in?

A

cardiac arrhythmias

  • Bradycardia <60 bpm
  • Tachycardia > 100 bpm
81
Q

What is the variable QT intercal?

A

represents the time of ventricular activity including both depolarisation and repolarisation. It is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave.

82
Q

What are Purkinje fibres?

A

One of the specialized cardiac muscle fibers, part of the impulse-conducting network of the heart, that rapidly transmit impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles

83
Q

What is the diameter of the purkinje fibres?

A

70-80um

84
Q

What is the diameter of cardiac muscle

A

10um in diamter

50-200um in length

85
Q

What is in the cardiac muscle?

A

myoglobin and mitochondria

Biology (30 decks)

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