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cellular metabolism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a metabolic pathway?

A

a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell

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2
Q

what is the initial chemical in a pathway?

A

the initial chemical (metabolite) is modified by a sequence of chemical reactions

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3
Q

what are chemical reactions catalysed by?

A

these reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

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4
Q

what do you need in order to carry a chemical reaction?

A

in order to carry out these reaction a cell requires energy

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5
Q

what is the main aim of the metabolic pathway?

A

generation of ATP

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6
Q

what results in the depletion of ATP?

A

cellular stress from nutrient starvation or reduced oxygen supply results in the depletion of ATP

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7
Q

what does sufficient ATP depletion trigger?

A

sufficient ATP depletion may trigger apoptosis

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8
Q

what happens if ATP is not required?

A

if ATP is not required energy can be stored

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9
Q

what is ATP?

A

ATP is energy carrying molecule

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10
Q

what are catabolic pathways?

A

.break down foodstuffs into smaller molecules with the release of energy
.results in ATP production and transfer of energy
. breakdown macromolecules

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11
Q

what are anabolic pathways?

A

use the energy released by catabolism to synthesise molecules that the cell requires

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12
Q

what are examples of activated carrier molecules?

A

.ATP

.NADH

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13
Q

where do activated carrier molecules store energy?

A

energy is stored in the chemical bonds of carrier molecules

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14
Q

how do activated carriers store energy?

A

activated carriers store energy in an easily exchangeable form

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15
Q

what is the structure of ATP?

A

ATP is a nucleotide that consists of 3 main structures

  1. nitrogenous base (adenine)
  2. ribose (sugar)
  3. chain of 3 phosphate groups bound to the ribose
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16
Q

where is available energy contained in ATP?

A

available energy is contained in the bonds between the phosphates

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17
Q

when is energy in ATP released?

A

energy is released when phosphate bonds are broken through the addition of water molecule ( hydrolysis)

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18
Q

when is ATP converted to ADP?

A

this occurs when the outer phosphate is removed from ATP to transfer energy
therefore ADP only has two phosphates

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19
Q

what are electron carriers?

A

they are involved in redox reactions- carrying electrons from one reaction to another

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20
Q

what are examples of electron carriers?

A

. NAD+ is a 2-electron oxidising agent reduced to NADH

.NADH is a 2-electron reducing agent oxidised to NAD+

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21
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

breaking down of carbohydrates to harness energy in ATP

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22
Q

describe the process of glycolysis?

A

. converts a 6C glucose molecule into two 3C molecules of pyruvate
. we use ATP to make more ATP

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23
Q

where is the energy released in glycolysis trapped?

A

energy released in this process is trapped within ATP and NADH

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24
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

glycoclysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

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25
Q

what are the 2 phases of glycoclysis?

A

. energy investment (ATP CONSUMED)

. energy generation (ATP produced)

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26
Q

what is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

glycolysis results in a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH for each molecule of glucose

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27
Q

what is the rate of production of ATP in glycolysis?

A

fast ATP production but low yield

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28
Q

what happens to pyruvate during anaerobic oxidation?

A

enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase) will turn pyruvate into lactate which forms lactic acid

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29
Q

what happens to pyruvate during aerobic oxidation?

A

convert pyruvate 3C into acetyl-coA

oxygen is produced which is reactive

30
Q

what is the waste product during aerobic oxidation?

A

carbon dioxide which goes to the cardiovascular system then to respiratory system and then breath out

31
Q

where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coA occur?

A

occurs in the membrane of the mitochondria (transition reaction/link reaction)

32
Q

what happens in a transition reaction/link reaction?

A

pyruvate+coA+NAD+ ——-> acetylcoA +co2 +NADH

33
Q

what is the energy trapped in NADH used?

A

energy trapped inside NADH can be used for oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

why is acetylcoA a key intermediate in transition reaction/link reaction?

A

.acetylcoA is a key intermediate to transfer 2C atom into the krebs cycle
.acetylcoA feeds stright into krebs cycle and gets oxidised

35
Q

what are other names for the krebs cycle?

A

.citric acid cycle

.TCA cycle

36
Q

where does krebs cycle take place?

A

takes place inside mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

what happens to acetyl-coA in the krebs cycle?

A

krebs cycle reaction oxidise the remaining acetyl fragments of acetyl-coA to co2

38
Q

what is the energy released from the oxidation of acetyl used for?

A

energy released from this oxidation is used to reduce co enzymes
NAD+ and FAD
and phosphorylate
ADP to ATP

39
Q

what happens in each turn of krebs cycle?

A

.2C enter in the acetyl fragment of acetyl-coA
.2 separate carbons are oxidised and leave as co2
.3NADH AND 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP produced

40
Q

how is ATP made?

A

GTP+ADP ——-> GDP+ATP

41
Q

where are NADH and FADH2 produced?

A

.they are produced by the krebs cycle , transitio/link reaction and glycolysis
.they are carriers of high energy electrons

42
Q

how do NADH and FADH2 generate ATP ?

A

. each contain a pair of electrons
. these electrons are used to reduce oxygen to water liberating a large amount of free energy
. this free energy is used to generate ATP

43
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

. the process in which ATP is formed as result of transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by series of electron carriers

44
Q

why is oxidative phosphorylation a major source of ATP in aerobic respiration?

A

generate 26 of 30 molecules of ATP that are formed when glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H20

45
Q

describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. NADH or FADH2 transfer energy into proteins
  2. this induces proteins to pump h+ ions across the membrane to outside
  3. accumulation of H+ on one side of the membrane- intermembrane space
  4. ATP is synthesised when protons flow back through the mitochondrial matrix through an enzyme complex (ATP synthase)
46
Q

what is ATP synthesis?

A

pumps hydrogen ions into mitochondrial matrix

47
Q

what is ATP hydrolysis?

A

pumps hydrogen ions in the opposite direction

. requires energy

48
Q

how many energy tokens are produced by one glucose?

A

1 glucose = 32 energy tokens

49
Q

how can glucose be stored?

A

glucose availability may exceed need for ATP

glucose energy can be stored as glycogen

50
Q

what are the 2 process in which glucose can be stored as glycogen?

A

. glycogenesis

. glycogenolysis

51
Q

what is the process of glycogenesis?

A

glucose + ATP ——-> G-6-P —–> glycogen
.stored in liver and skeletal muscle cell
. storage stimulated by insulin ( endocrine system)
. insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are high

52
Q

what is the process of glycogenolysis?

A

glycogen+P —-> G-6-P —->GLUCOSE
liver breakdown stimulated by glucagon
glucagon is secreted when blood glucose levels are low

53
Q

what is proteolysis?

A

protein breakdown

54
Q

how do polypeptides breakdown to amino acids?

A

by hydrolysis

55
Q

what is deamination

A

.removal of NH3 from a molecule as it can be toxic if on its own
. NH3 forms ammonia
-neutralises into urea
. remaining carbon skeleton ( keto acid) can be used to make ATP

56
Q

what is the fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids?

A

the carbon skeletons to amino acids can be utilised in the krebs cycle

57
Q

what happens to ammonia after deamination?

A

.ammonia is toxic and must be removed from the body
. the urea cycle produces urea from ammonia
.takes place in the liver
. need to put in ATP to convert ammonia to urea

58
Q

what is the process of transmination?

A

. transfer of NH2 to another carbon skeleton to form new aminoacid

59
Q

what is two step process of catabolism of lipids?

A
  1. triglyceride breakdown

2. beta- oxidation

60
Q

what happens during triglyceride breakdown?

A

triglyceride+h2o ——-> 3 fatty acid+glycerol

61
Q

what happens during beta-oxidation?

A

. oxidation of fatty acid chains
.cleaved off into 2 carbon chains
.reaction binds coA to end and cleaves
. AcetylcoA —-> can enter krebs cycle

62
Q

does beta-oxidatipn of long chain fatty acids produce more ATP than glucose?

A

yes as
ATP yield from palmitate C16 - producing 106 ATP and
ATP yield from glucose C6 - producing 36 ATP

63
Q

what do fatty acids do when broken down?

A

fatty acids can be broken to create ATP down when there is oxygen

64
Q

what are the non-carbohydrate building blocks that glucose can be formed from?

A

glycerol - from lipid breakdown

keto acids - carbon skeletons from amino acids breakdown

65
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

.when glucose can be formed from non-carbohydrate building blocks
process occurs in the liver and kidney (stimulated by hormones)
. stimulated in times of great need

66
Q

summary of building blocks of life formation?

A

. transamination-
glucose -> keto acids (plus NH2) -> amino acid
. gluconeogenesis
amino acids -> keto acids -> glucose
. lipid synthesis (occurs when glycogen stores are full)
glucose -> acetyl coA -> fatty acid

67
Q

What does aerobic respiration involve?

A

Krebs cycle

68
Q

What are the 2 components of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electron transport chain

69
Q

What protein is the ATP synthase?

A

intergral

70
Q

What is proton motive force?

A

In oxidative phosphorylation

where H+ pumped in mictochondrial matrix

71
Q

What can Amino acids be used for?

A

used as a source of energy to harness into ATP (energy production)

72
Q

How do we convert ammonia to urea?

A

via ATP

Biology (30 decks)

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