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organ system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an organ?

A

the four basic tissue types come together to form an organ and organ system.
-is a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types, that performs a specific function for the body.

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2
Q

what is an organ system? example?

A

an organ system is a series of organs all working together to accomplish a common purpose.
cardiovascular system - a network of blood vessels carrying blood around the body. blood is continuously pumped by the action of the heart.

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3
Q

what is an example of an organ structure?

A

stomach
internal lining-epithelial tissue- secretes digestive juices
stomach wall- mainly muscle which contracts and relaxes to churn and mix food
stomach wall-connective tissue which supports muscle structure as it churns.
nervous tissue-nerve fibres signal muscle cells to change concentration rate and secrete more digestive juice.

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4
Q

what is interdependence?

A

all organs work together to ensure we can perform the functions needed for life.
work in unison: all cells are fed and cleaned up
-all cells are protected from dehydration and attack
-all cells can move away from danger and towards food
-genetic material transferred to a new generation

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5
Q

what are the functions of life?-maintaining boundries

A

-maintaining boundaries-keeping inside separate from outside via selective selection from plasma membranes- which allows to have separate functions from other cells.
-we have to be prevented from drying out, attempts at infection heat and sunlight.
:this role is taken by the integumentary system.

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6
Q

what are the functions of life?-movement

A

movement-muscular and nervous system only contract via nervous stimulation.
Propelling ourseleves from one place to another - majorly determined by our MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM
blood pushed around-cardiovascular system
food is pushed-digestive system
urine is squeezed-urinary system

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7
Q

what are the functions of life?-responsiveness

A

responsiveness- sense and respond to changes in environment via nervous system.
all cells are able to respond to stimuli, however rapid responses are controlled by nervous system as signals are sent via electrical impulses

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8
Q

what are the functions of life?-digestion

A

.digestion-breaking down large food molecules into smaller ones that can be used by the body - digestive system.
.absorbed into blood and transported around-cardiovascular system.

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9
Q

what are the functions of life?-metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that happen inside your body.
anabolism-creating new molecules
catabolism-destroying existing molecules.
cell respiration- using nutrients and oxygen to trap usable energy

digestive system- provides molecules
respiratory system- provides oxygen
cardiovasualr system- transports oxygen and nutrients
lymphatic system- returns excess fluid
endocrine system- metabolism is regulated by hormones

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10
Q

what are the functions?-excretion

A

getting rid of waste from the body- byproducts of digestion and metabolism
digestive system-indigestible food as faces
urinary system -removes nitrogen products- urea
cardiovascular system - transports co2
respiratory system- releases co2

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11
Q

what is the integumentary system?

A

its a waterproof , stretchable, washable and air conditioned coat that automatically repairs its self.

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12
Q

what is in the integumentary system?

A

the skin and its appendages:

  • sweat glands
  • oil glands
  • hairs
  • nails
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13
Q

what is the function of the integumentary system?

A
  • forms the external body covering
  • protects deep tissue from injury
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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14
Q

what is the structure of the skin?

A

the skin has 2 layers
epidermis-stratified squamous
dermis- dense irregular connective tissue
-Hypodermis- adipose with some aerolar tissue
the dermis is vascularised .
epidermis receives nutrients that diffuse through tissue fluid.
7% of total body weight and 1.7m2

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15
Q

what is the function of the skin?chemical

A

.protection
.skin secretions
1.acid mantle-retards bacterial growth due to low ph
2.dermicidin in sweat- anti microbial molecule that targets bacteria by penetrating the epithelia.
3.epithelia cells secrete defensins.
skin also contains melanin which prevents uv damage of cells.

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16
Q

what is the functions of the skin?-physical

A

.physical barrier
skin continuity
cells hardens due to keratin which prevents water loss or gain.
.biological barrier
immune cells survey the epidermis (dendritic cells) and dermis (macrophages) to prevent pathogen invasion.

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17
Q

what are the other functions of skin?

A

.temperature regulation- gets rid off excess heat
.metabolic functions -vit D production
.acts as a blood reservoir
.excretion - we excrete urea , uric acid in sweat , along with water and salts.

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18
Q

what is the structure of hair?

A

dead keratinised cells

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19
Q

what is the function of hair?

A

warmth,senses insects, head hair- protection from trauma and sun.
eyelashes shield our eyes.
nose hairs prevents us inhaling things.

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20
Q

what is the structure of nails?

A

dead , keratinised cells

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21
Q

what is the function of nails?

A

protection of finger tips and toe tips.

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22
Q

what is the function of skeletal system?

A
  • forms our internal scaffold,
  • protects and supports internal organs .
  • framework for muscles and movement.
  • bones store minerals
  • blood cells formed inside bones
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23
Q

what is the skeletal system?

A

-it is made mainly from connective tissue
-20% body mass
-major element is the bones but also involves the cartilage , joints and ligaments (Connect bones and reinforce joints)
-it is made from 80 bones
example of cartilage is the nose, ribs and joints.

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24
Q

what is the functions muscular system?

A

movement
maintain posture
stabilise joints
generate heat

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25
Q

what are the characteristics of the muscular system?

A

excitability
contractibility
extensibility
elasticity

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. skeletal muscle- movement of skeleton-voluntary
  2. cardiac muscle - involuntary
  3. smooth muscle- found in hollow organs-involuntary
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27
Q

How do skeletal muscles work?

A

work in unison with the skeleton to allow movement through the environment.

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28
Q

how do muscle attach to bones?

A

by tendons-dense regular connective tissues.

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29
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

the master controlling and communicating system of the body.

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30
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. sensory input
  2. integration by brain and spinal chord.
  3. motor output eg control of smooth muscle in the digestive system.
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31
Q

what are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS- brain and spinal chord
PNS-nerves and ganglia
links the rest of body to the cns.

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32
Q

what are the type of nerves in the pns?

A 
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
theses can be either
sensory or motor.
they regulate muscles and glands via electorchemical impulses delivered by neurons
timescale:milliseconds.
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33
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

influences metabolic activity through hormone signaling.

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34
Q

where are hormones secreted from?

A

hormones are secreted from the endocrine gland.

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35
Q

why do we need hormones?

A

essential for regulation of cellular homeostasis(growth, metabolism, reproduction)

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36
Q

what is a hormone?

A

its a chemical messenger secreted into extracellular fluids.

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37
Q

what is the timescale of endocrine system?

A

the timescale of initiation is longer

days or seconds or years

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38
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

the cardiovascular system carries gases, waste , nutrients ,hormones around the body.

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39
Q

what are the tissue types in the cardiovascular system?

A

muscle tissue- (cardiac and smooth)
connective tissue-blood
epithelia-endothelium

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40
Q

what are the 2 components of the cardiovascular system?

A

blood vessels- carry the blood

heart- pumps the blood around

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41
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

soaks up escaped fluid , acts as a waste reservoir , houses lymphocytes.
involved in immunity.

42
Q

what are the structures in the lymphatic system?

A
  1. lymphatic vessels
  2. lymph nodes
  3. lymph fluid
  4. spleen
  5. thymus.
43
Q

what is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

flow excess fluid from tissues towards heart to return to blood.

44
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes ?

A

filter lymph and house lymphocytes

45
Q

what is the function of lymph fluid?

A

drained from extracellular space

46
Q

what is the function of spleen?

A

site of lymphocyte proliferation

destroys pathogens

47
Q

what is the function of thymus?

A

maturation site for t lymphocytes

48
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

keeps you supplied with oxygen and gets ride of carbon dioxide.

49
Q

what are the four process of respiration that must happen?

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation- requires nervous system
  2. external respiration
  3. transport of respiratory gases- requires cardiovascular system
  4. internal respiration-cellular
50
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

the breaking down of indigested food into useable nutrients that can enter the cardiovascular system or lymphatic system then it gets rid of indigestible remain.

51
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

a continuous muscular tube which is 9m long when relaxed.

-Enteric NS- has its own NS- semi autonomous neurons, submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus

52
Q

what are the organs in the digestive system?

A

mouth, pharynx , esophagus ,stomach , small intestine , large intestine , anus.

53
Q

what are the accessory digestive system organs?

A

teeth , tongue , gall-bladder , salivary glands , liver and pancreas.

54
Q

what is the function of the urinary system?

A

water regulation and nitrogenous waste disposal system.

55
Q

what are the structures in the urinary system?

A

kidney , ureters , urinary bladder , urethra

56
Q

what is the function of the kidney?

A

.regulate total body water volume
.regulate ion concentration in extracellular fluids.
.excretes metabolic wastes , drugs and toxins.

57
Q

what is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

temporary storage of urine.

58
Q

what are the functions of the reproductive system?

A

to produce offspring

  1. form specialised cells (gametes)
  2. gametes come together
  3. genetic information combined - up the women
  4. gestation and parturition - up the women
59
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

a dynamic state of equilibrium , in which internal conditions vary but always within set limits of a functioning body.
it is a process involving all body systems.
communication accomplished by nervous system and endocrine system

60
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and the skeletal system?

A

skin protects the bone, skin also synthesizes vitD needed for calcium absorption.
skeleton supports the skin.

61
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and the muscular system?

A

skin protects muscle

muscles generate heat which activate sweat glands to secrete.

62
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and the nervous system?

A

skin protects nervous organs.

nervous system regulates blood flow which activates sweat glands for thermoregulation.

63
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and the endocrine system?

A

skin protects endocrine organs.

androgens produced by the endocrine glands regulates hair growth and sebaceous gland.

64
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and the cardiovascular system?

A

skin protects cardiovascular organ

cardiovascular system provides oxygen and nutrients for cell function and secretion.

65
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and the lymphatic?

A

skin acts as chemical barrier against infection.

immune cells protects skin cells.

66
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and respiratory system?

A

protection.nasal hair filter.

67
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and digestive system?

A

digestion provides nutrients to skin cells.

68
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and urinary system?

A

skin protects and excretes some waste.

69
Q

what is the relationship between the integumentary system and the reproductive system?

A

skin protects.

skin stretches during pregnancy.

70
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and the integumentary system.

A

ANS regulates sweat glands and blood vessel diameter for thermoregulation

71
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and the skeletal system?

A

pain sensation.

neurons require Calcium. bones are a calcium store.

72
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and the muscular system?

A

somatic division activates muscle.

73
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

sympathetic division triggers hormone secretion.

74
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and cardiovascular system?

A

ANS regulates heart rate and blood pressure

75
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and the lymphatic system?

A

immune response protects neurons.

76
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and the respiratory system?

A

nervous system regulates breathing rate and volume.

77
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and the digestive system?

A

ANS regulates digestive motility

digestion provides nutrients for cell health of nerves.

78
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and the urinary system?

A

ANS regulates bladder emptying.

79
Q

what is the relationship between the nervous system and reproductive system?

A

ANS regulates male erection and ejaculation.

regulates clitoral erection in females

80
Q

what is the relationship between the endocrine system and integumentary system?

A

androgens activate sebaceous glands.

estrogen increases skin hydration.

81
Q

what is the relationship between the endocrine system and skeletal system?

A
  • parathyroid hormone regulates calcuim level

- growth hormone, thyroxine and sex hormones promote skeletal development

82
Q

what is the relationship between the endocrine system and muscular system?

A

growth hormones promote muscle growth

83
Q

what is the relationship between the endocrine system and nervous system?

A

hormones are released by nervous stimulation

84
Q

what is the relationship between endocrine system and cardiovascular system?

A

hormones regulate blood volume , pressure and heart rate.

blood is the main carrier of hormones around the body

85
Q

what is the relationship between the endocrine system and lymphatic system?

A

T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland

86
Q

what is the relationship between the endocrine system and the respiratory system?

A

respiration provides oxygen to endocrine cells via cardiovascular system.

87
Q

what is the relationship between the endocrine system and digestive system?

A

digestion is regulated by hormones.

digestion provides vital nutrients to cells of endocrine system

88
Q

what is the relationship between endocrine system and urinary system?

A

ADH influences water retention

89
Q

what is the relationship between endocrine system and reproductive system?

A

hormonal regulation of reproductive system and breast-feeding

90
Q

what is the relationship between the urinary system and the integumentary system?

A

dispose of nitrogenous waste

91
Q

what is the relationship between the urinary system and the skeletal system?

A

bones of ribs protect kidney from trauma

92
Q

what is the relationship between the urinary system and muscular system?

A

essential for excitability and contractibility

93
Q

what is the relationship between the urinary system and respiratory system?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide supply

94
Q

what is the relationship between the urinary system and digestive system?

A

nutrient supply

95
Q

what is the relationship between urinary system and lymphatic system?

A

lymphatics return fluid to blood

they maintain blood pressure so kidney can filter

96
Q

what is the relationship between urinary system and cardiovascular system?

A

regulates blood pressure through fluid retention

97
Q

what is the relationship between urinary system and endocrine system?

A

hormone regulation

98
Q

what is the relationship between the urinary system and nervous system?

A

nervous inervation for micturition

99
Q

What is the internal lining of the stomach made up from?

A

Smooth muscle

100
Q

What are the 8 functions of life?

A 
maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
excretion
reproductive
growth
101
Q

What are the functions of life?-reproduction

A

at cellular level - mitosis - one cell splitting into 2
need this for growth and repair- controlled by metabolism
organism level- babies
pass genetic material
reproduction- via endocrine system-hormones

Biology (30 decks)

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