Respiration Flashcards
What is aerobic respiration?
An enzyme controlled process in living things
Takes place all the time - normal respiration - enough oxygen to allow respiration without oxygen debt
Digestive system, lungs and circulation work to provide cells with glucose needed for respiration
What happens during aerobic respiration?
Glucose reacts with oxygen transferring energy to cells for everything that your body needs
Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste products
Why is it called aerobic respiration?
Uses oxygen from the air
Exothermic because it transfers energy to environment
More energy when new bonds formed in products than is taken in to break bonds in the reactants
Some energy is used for all the cells reactions, the rest is transferred to the environment making it slightly warmer.
What is the equation for respiration?
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + (energy transferred to the environment)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + (energy transferred to the environment)
Why do boys have higher energy needs than girls?
More muscle meaning more mitochondria
Boys are larger than girls
Boys have 11510kJ and girls have 8830kJ
Where does most respiration take place?
Mitochondria
Tiny rod shaped organelles found in almost all animal, plant, algal and fungal cells
Folded inner membrane with large surface area for enzymes
A higher number of mitochondria indicates a more active cell
What are the main needs for respiration?
- Living cells need energy for basic functions of life, building larger molecules from smaller to make new material. Also breaking down larger molecules during digestion and within cells
2 . Make muscles contract all the time requiring energy - Mammals and birds to maintain constant internal body temperature
- Plants need energy to move mineral ions to root hair cells and also convert sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids and then into proteins
What is muscle tissue made of?
Protein fibres that contract when energy is transferred from respiration
Contain many mitochondria to contract
Usually occur in big blocks that contract to cause movement
Relax to allow other muscles to work
Also store glucose as glycogen which is used in exercise
What happens when you exercise?
Muscles using oxygen and glucose all the time
When exercising muscles contract harder and faster and need more glucose and oxygen for respiration
Muscles produce more carbon dioxide that needs removing
What changes take place when you exercise?
- Heart rate increase, arteries dilate increasing flow of oxygenated blood to muscles, increasing glucose and oxygen supply for respiration and increases rate of carbon dioxide removal from muscles
- Breathing Rate increases and deeper breathing - more air into lungs each breath. Rate of oxygen into red blood cells increases and carried to muscles. Allows quicker removal of carbon dioxide from lungs
- Glycogen in muscles converted to glucose to supply cells for increased respiration
What is anaerobic respiration?
When you exercise hard your muscle cells become short of oxygen and even though you breathe hard and your heart rate increases your blood cannot supply oxygen to muscles fast enough.
When this happens energy from the breakdown of glucose can still be transferred to muscles by anaerobic respiration without oxygen.
What happens with anaerobic respiration?
Not efficient because glucose molecules not completely broken down
End product is lactic acid rather than carbon dioxide and water
Incomplete breakdown means far less energy transferred
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose->lactic acid + (energy transferred to the environment)
What happens when muscles fatigue
Muscles stop contracting efficiently
Caused by lactic acid build up - creating an oxygen debt
Why do we breathe more deeply and more frequently after exercise
1The lactic acid can’t be breathed out like carbon dioxide
2 When exercise finishes the lactic acid has to be broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water and this needs oxygen
3 the amount of oxygen needed to do this is the oxygen debt
What is the equation for oxygen debt repayment
Lactic acid + oxygen-> carbon dioxide + water
What do plants form when they respire anaerobically
Anaerobic equation?
Glucose -> Ethanol + carbon dioxide
What is anaerobic respiration on yeast cells called
Fermentation
Used in manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in other organisms
Glucose->ethanol + carbon dioxide(energy transferred to the environment)
How does your body change during exercise as demand for energy increases
1 temperature increases- sweating 2 breathing quicker and deeper 3 heart rate increases 4 muscles get bigger 5 increased rate of respiration 6 arteries to muscles dilate - get wider
How do you test for carbon dioxide
Limewater goes cloudy with CO2
Doesn’t change with different levels of CO2
Shows how we breathe out CO2
Where is glucose stored and how
Stored in liver as glycogen and released when exercising as glucose
What are the the main difference between the amounts of gas we breathe in and breathe out
Breathe in more oxygen than breathe out carbon dioxide
What are the 3 main organ systems involved in respiration
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
