respiration Flashcards
what is oxygen extraction?
when oxygen in the blood leaves and enters the cell
what is cellular respiration?
when oxygen leaves the blood and enters the cell, and carbon dioxide leaves blood and goes to the alveoli as a gas and is exhaled
what theory explains the movement of gas molecules?
the kinetic molecular theory
- states that gas molecules move by diffusion, from high to low concentration
what is the relationship between gas concentration and gas pressure?
as the concentration of gas increases, the gas pressure increases
what is the respiratory control centre?
medulla
how many breaths do we take per minute?
9-26
- athletes are on the lower end
smokers are on the higher end
what is emphysema?
- over- inflation of alveoli
- highest cause of death for smokers
when you have nasal congestion, why does your throat get sore in the morning after waking up?
nasal congestion blocks the nasal airway leaving the mouth as the only passage, the mouth is open throughout the night causing it to dry and become irritated
explain inhalation.
- also called inspiration
- air goes in
- volume in chest increases, increasing longitude volume
- diaphragm lowers
- external intercostal muscles move rib cage up and out
explain exhalation.
- also called expiration
- air goes out
- volume in chest decreases, decreasing longitude volume
diaphragm elevates - external intercostal muscles move rib cage down and in
explain forced/exercise breathing.
- muscles promote exhalation to get rid of carbon dioxide
- internal intercostal muscles move ribcage
what is the valsalva maneuver?
- not breathing during exercise
- glottis (in throat) closes while lifting weight so air does not go out
- greatly increases blood pressure due to compression/squeezing of vena cava which decreases venous blood return
what is the most abundant atom in the atmosphere?
nitrogen (70%)
what are the alveoli?
airs sacs in the lungs that exchange gas
what does the respiratory anatomy consist of?
pharynx trachea bronchi/broncha bronchioles alveoli
what is the upper airway and how does it relate to our breathing?
upper airway: nose, mouth, pharynx
- prepares the air before it goes to the lungs
- warms air, humidifies (moistens air), cilia traps small particles and filters it out
what is title volume (T.V.)?
- amount of air breathed in, in 1 breath
- amount of air in = air out
what is vital capacity (V.C.)?
- maximum volume of air exhaled following one’s deepest inhalation
- can be measured using a respirometer
what is total lung capacity (T.L.C.)?
- maximum air in 1 inhalation
- TLC = title volume + residual volume)
- swimmers have a higher TLC
what is residual volume (R.V.)?
- what’s left in the lungs following maximum exhalation
- untrained people have a higher RV because they have more CO2 left in their lungs
- older people have a higher RV because their elasticity is lost and they can’t take in-push out as much air
what is minute ventilation (VE)?
- volume of air inhaled in one minute
- average is 6L for a healthy individual
how does air get into the lungs if gas moves from high to low concentration?
the many subdivisions cause less resistance and there’s a decreased concentration in these bronchi/bronchioles than a single trachea
where is pO2 the greatest?
in the pulmonary veins
where is pCO2 the greatest?
venous blood
what does the hemoglobin molecule consist of? what does it do?
- 4 iron/heme groups
- iron holds onto oxygen for transportation
what is oxyhemoglobin?
what oxygen attaches to the iron/heme group
what is the affinity between iron and oxygen?
iron has a strong affinity (attraction) to oxygen
what is oxygenation?
for each iron component, a heme molecule can temporarily bind to an oxygen molecule in a loose association
what is a - VO2 diff?
- difference in oxygen content between arteriole and venous blood
what is the relationship between a-VO2 diff and exercise?
as exercise increases, a-VO2 difference increases because a > VO2
what is VO2 max?
- maximum oxygen consumed in 1 minute
- genetically determined
- VO2 = cardiac output x (a - VO2 diff)
- plateau of oxygen consumption
- long distance/endurance athletes have high VO2 max
what is an anaerobic threshold?
- the highest point of intensity you can work aerobically, working any higher will be working anaerobically
- when reached, breathing is hard and a “burn” is felt
what is the relationship between exercise and oxygen deficit?
as exercise increases (the more you exercise), oxygen deficit decreases
what is oxygen debt?
represents an increased volume of oxygen consumed during recovery, above the volume of oxygen that would’ve been consumed at resting state
what are 5 factors that influence gas exchange?
- pressure gradient of each gas
- amount of surface area cross sectional contact between capillaries and alveoli
- condition of membranes
- capacity of blood hemoglobin for oxygen
- minute ventilation
how does pressure influence gas exchange?
- an increase is gas pressure means an increased concentration of gas
- an increased concentration/pressure of gas causes an increase in gas exchange
how does surface area between capillaries and alveoli influence gas exchange?
as the surface area increase, gas exchange increases
how does minute ventilation influence gas exchange?
as minute ventilation increases, gas exchange increases because there is more oxygen
what are 3 factors that determine an athletes maximum potential?
- genes, it determines your body type which will influence your potential in a particular sport
- training an athlete scientifically can help them reach their max potential
- nutrition will determine an athletes max potential
what is oxygen debt? what are the 2 types?
- oxygen debt is measured by finding VO2 at rest and after exercise, the difference will be the debt
type 1: rapid portion of debt
- alactic acid debt
- oxygen returns to the phosphagen system
type 2: slow portion of debt
- occurs once alactic acid debt is paid
what are the 6 processes during exercise recovery?
- restoration of oxygen myoglobin
- 1 to 2 minutes
- 1st to restore because it’s the 1st to be used up - restoration of muscle phosphagen
- 2 to 3 minutes
- restores substrates and chemicals to make ATP - repayment of alactic oxygen debt
- 3 to 5 minutes - repayment of lactacid oxygen debt
- 30 minutes to 1 hours - removal of lactic acid from muscle and blood
- 30 minutes to 1 hour (exercise recovery)
- 1 to 2 hours (rest recovery) - restoration of muscle glycogen
- 5 to 24 hours (after intermittent anaerobic exercise)
- 10 to 46 hours (after prolonged aerobic exercise)
what is myoglobin?
- oxygen stored in the muscle
- the 1st oxygen used to start an activity
- slow twitch fibres have more
what is the relationship between aerobic training and myoglobin stores?
as aerobic training increases, myoglobin stores increase because there are more slow twitch fibres
what is steady state?
when oxygen uptake = oxygen demands of muscles
what is athletic amenorrhea?
- a physiological event that occurs in females
- menstrual cycle is stopped or disrupted due to low body fat affecting estrogen levels
- decreasing training will regroup the body and restore muscles
how do we increase bone density?
lifting weight can increase bone density
what is perceived exertion?
exaggeration of fatigue
what is lactic acid tolerance?
- lactic acid builds up in the muscles
- brain signals a release of chemical alkaline buffers in the blood
- acidic environment because neutral
what is habituation? how does it relate to physical activity?
- the idea of mind over matter
- the use of mind over matter can guide someone to complete a workout by thinking positively
why is mitochondria greater in the trained than untrained?
aerobic metabolism takes place in the trained increasing the size of mitochondria
what is glycogen sparring?
increasing the use of fat as fuel and limiting the use of glycogen
why do sprinters use glycogen sparring?
they want to use as much fat as they can as fuel so at the end of the race they are able to deplete their glycogen levels for the sprint
