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KINS 1100 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the white matter on a spinal cord diagram?

A

fat

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2
Q

what is the grey matter on a spinal cord diagram?

A

neurons

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3
Q

why do children lack motor skills?

A

their myelin in still immature

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4
Q

what is multiple sclerosis? what are the symptoms?

A
  • a disease that attacks myelin

- symptoms: fatigue, no coordination, impaired sensation

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5
Q

what is the function of the premotor cortex?

A
  • controls advanced movements
  • sport/high skill area
  • 6th sense
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6
Q

what is the 10 000 hour principal?

A

10 years, 10 000 hours is how long it takes to be an elite athlete

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7
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A
  • compares information from effector impulses (what’s been done) and sensory receptors (how it was done)
  • makes revised impulses (correction factor) from the cerebral cortex
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8
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

where original effector impulse was initiated

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9
Q

what is the reflex arc? what are the 4 steps?

A
  • involuntary muscle contraction

step 1: receptors puck up stimuli
step 2: sensory/afferent neurons conduct impulse to spinal corn
step 3: association/interneurons process information, execute a response, and send an efferent impulse
step 4: motor/efferent neurons conduct efferent impulse to effectors/muscles

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10
Q

what is the sensory area?

A
  • where sensory impulses terminate

- sensation occurs when impulses reach here

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11
Q

what is the motor area?

A
  • where efferent impulses originate
  • the start of motions
  • actions can’t be done when these areas are damaged
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12
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A
  • outside portion of cerebral cortex

- largest part of the brain

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13
Q

what does “neur-“ mean?

A

nervous system

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14
Q

what does it mean when a muscle is innervated?

A

a muscle is stimulated

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15
Q

nerves ____, muscles ____.

A

nerves conducts, muscles contract

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16
Q

what is anaerobic glycolysis? (requires and produces)

A
  • requires CHO

- produces lactic acid and ATP energy

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17
Q

what is aerobic glycolysis? (requires and produces)

A
  • requires protein, fat, CHO, and O2

- produces CO2, H2O, ATP

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18
Q

what is mitochondria’s fuel?

A

free fatty acids

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19
Q

what are the structures of a neuron?

A
  1. dendrites
  2. cell body
  3. axon
  4. myelin
  5. nodes of ranvier
  6. schwann cell
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20
Q

what is an axon?

A
  • long fibre
  • conductor
  • covered to protect it from damage
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21
Q

what is myelin?

A
  • covering on axon

- fat deposits insulate

22
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier?

A

gap between schwann cells

23
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

allows conduction to jump from node to node

24
Q

what is a nerve synapse?

A

gap between neurons

25
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A
  • also called myoneuron junction

- gap between terminal (last) neuron and muscle

26
Q

what is muscle recruit?

A

the determining of which muscles to innervate in order to do a movement

27
Q

how do we increase muscular force?

A

by increasing the number of fibres used

28
Q

what are the 2 systems within the nervous system?

A
  1. central nervous system

2. peripheral nervous system

29
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A
  • in charge of everything, the highest centre

- consists of the brain and spinal cord

30
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • consists of sensory/afferent and motor/efferent nerves

- sensory nerves receive stimuli and send it the CNS for processing

31
Q

what systems do the motor/efferent nerves control?

A

autonomic and somatic nervous system

32
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • controls vital organs and involuntary muscle

- keeps the body in balance

33
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

controls skeletal and voluntary muscle

34
Q

what systems do the autonomic nervous system control?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic system

35
Q

what is the sympathetic system?

A

speeds up body functions

example) speeds up heart rate, cocaine

36
Q

what is the parasympathetic system?

A

slows down/inhibits body functions

example) fentanyl

37
Q

what is a proprioreceptor?

A

picks up specialized movement stimuli

38
Q

what is kinesthesia?

A
  • the feeling of movement

- how something feels good/bad and how positioning feels good/bad

39
Q

what are the 3 proprioreceptors?

A
  1. muscle spindle (in muscles)
  2. golgi tendon organ (in tendon)
  3. pacinian corpyscle (in joints)
40
Q

what is a muscle spindle?

A
  • along the side of muscle fibres
  • causes contraction when muscle stretches too fast/much
  • has a fascilitory response: a response to an incorrect movement
41
Q

what is a golgi tendon organ?

A
  • picks up tension stimuli

- relaxes/inhibits to allow continuation of passive stretching

42
Q

what is proprioneuro fascilitory?

A
  • stretching after surgery to gain more stretch

- isometric contraction > relax > further stretch

43
Q

what is acetyl choline?

A
  • conducts impulse to the end of it’s destination (the muscle)
  • when impulse reaches synapse, ACH is released to bring impulse to postsynaptic neuron
44
Q

what are the 3 states of neurons/muscles?

A
  1. polarization
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
45
Q

what is polarization?

A
  • muscle at rest
  • positive and negative ions are inside and outside neurolemma, more positive charges outside
  • nothing happens because of the location of Na+ and K+
  • at resting potential
46
Q

what is resting potential?

A

-85mV

47
Q

what is the neurolemma?

A

cell membrane of neuron

48
Q

what is depolarization?

A
  • cell membrane is permeable to Na+, allowing Na+ to enter cell and K+ goes outside
  • cell inside is positive, outside is negative
  • at action potential
49
Q

what is action potential?

A

-70mV

sudden change in electrical activity across nerve/muscle membrane due to a rapid flow of Na+ across cell membrane into cell, releasing acetyl choline

50
Q

what is repolarization?

A
  • Na+ goes back outside cell via Na+ pump
  • K+ goes back inside of cell
  • preparation for the next impulse/contraction
51
Q

how does the muscle reach action potential?

A
  • muscle receives excitability and inhibitory stimuli at the same time
  • excitability > inhibitory to reach action potential

KINS 1100 (13 decks)

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