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KINS 1100 > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the heart does blood enter?

A

right atrium

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2
Q

what type of blood do the arteries hold? what are the 2 exceptions?

A

arteries hold oxygenated blood with the exception on the pulmonary arteries

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3
Q

what is the function of the ventricles?

A

delivers blood to the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and the body (systemic circuit)

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4
Q

which chamber of the heart is the largest, and why?

A

left ventricle because it needs enough strength to pump blood throughout the whole body

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5
Q

what does vascular refer to?

A

blood vessels

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6
Q

what does cardiovascular refer to?

A

circulation

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7
Q

what does “haem” or “hem” refer to?

A

blood

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8
Q

what are red blood cells?

A
  • also called erythrocytes

- delivers oxygen to the body and takes carbon dioxide away

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9
Q

what are white blood cells?

A
  • also called leukocytes
  • important for the immune system
  • produced in bone marrow (center of long bone)
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10
Q

what are platelets?

A

promotes blood clotting to stop bleeding by releasing a fiber that thickens bloods

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11
Q

what is a hemophiliac?

A

occurs when someone cannot produce platelets

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12
Q

what happens when you have HIV/AIDS?

A

the disease attacks your white blood cells and prevents the body from fighting infection/disease

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13
Q

how many liters of blood circulates in the body?

A

5 liters

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14
Q

what is heart muscle called?

A

myocardium

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15
Q

what is a myocardio infarction?

A

a heart attack, spasm due to a clot in the arteries

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16
Q

what is the function of AV valves?

A
  • 2 AV valves; bicuspid and tricuspid

- prevents back flow of blood into the atria

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17
Q

what is the function of the semilunar valves?

A
  • 2 semilunar valves; aortic and pulmonary

- prevents back flow of blood into the ventricles

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18
Q

what is the specific function of the bicuspid and tricuspid AV valves?

A
  • bicuspid prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium

- tricuspid prevents back flow of blood into the right atrium

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19
Q

what is the function of coronary arteries?

A

coronary arteries deliver oxygen to the heart

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20
Q

what is the function of the carotid artery and it’s location?

A

carotid artery delivers oxygen to the brain, located in the throat

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21
Q

what is a bypass surgery?

A
  • it is a surgery that replaces damaged coronary arteries
  • cut a piece of femoral artery and attach it back together
  • replace coronary artery with femoral artery
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22
Q

what does auto-rhythmic mean?

A

involuntary contraction

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23
Q

what is a pulse?

A

the feeling of a surge of blood entering the artery

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24
Q

what is ventricular systole?

A

ventricular contraction

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25
Q

what is atrial diastole?

A

atrial relaxation

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26
Q

what is the sinoatrial node (SA node) and it’s function?

A
  • also called the pacemaker
  • located in the right atrium
  • when it releases an impulse, Na and K are released and both atria contract
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27
Q

what is the max heart rate?

A

200 bpm

28
Q

what is the fight or flight response and it’s relation to the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • when our body feels in danger, heart rate increases

- adrenaline is released and impulses go through the accelerator nerve

29
Q

what are 5 factors that affect heart rate?

A
  1. emotions
  2. temperature (temp increase, HR increase)
  3. drugs and stimulants (coffee, fentanyl)
  4. exercise
  5. sedatives (melatonin)
30
Q

what is the medulla?

A
  • cardio control centre

- slows/speeds heart rate by controlling the sympathetic and parasympathetic system

31
Q

how does the medulla increase/decrease heart rate?

A
  • to increase heart rate, impulse goes through the sympathetic accelerator nerve
  • to decrease heart rate, impulse goes through the parasympathetic vagus nerve
32
Q

what is the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and SA node?

A

autonomic nervous system supplies parasympathetic (vagus) and sympathetic (accelerator) nerves to the SA node

33
Q

what is the function of acetyl choline in the SA node?

A

cardio inhibitory

- stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve causes the release of acetyl choline to slow the SA node

34
Q

what is the function of norepinepherine in the SA node?

A

cardio acceleratory

- stimulation of the sympathetic nerve causes the release of norepinepherine to speed the SA node

35
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

slowing of the heart rate

36
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

speeding of the heart rate

37
Q

what is arrhythmia?

A

irregular heart rate, usually caused by a damaged SA node

38
Q

what is an electromyogram?

A

measures events occurring in the body

39
Q

what is an electrocardiogram?

A

measures heart activity

40
Q

what is a stress test?

A

an ECG while doing light work because the resting heart rate may not detect irregularities

41
Q

what type of blood do the veins hold? what are the 2 exceptions?

A

veins hold deoxygenated blood with the exception of pulmonary veins

42
Q

how do you measure cardiac output?

A

cardiac output (Q) = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

43
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood pumped out per minute

44
Q

what is the relationship between cardiac output and exercise?

A

as exercise increases, cardiac output increases to bring more oxygen to the muscles

45
Q

what is the relationship between heart rate/stroke volume and cardiac output?

A

as heart rate/stroke volume increases, cardiac output increases

46
Q

what is the cardiac output during exercise?

A

25L/min

47
Q

what is the cardiac output at rest?

A

5L/min

48
Q

what happens during muscle hypoxia?

A

chemoreceptors pick up oxygen stimulus and vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow to that area

49
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

increase in vessel diameter for more blood flow

50
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

decrease in vessel diameter for less blood flow

51
Q

why do athletes have bradycardia?

A

athletes have bigger and stronger hearts and don’t need to work as hard to pump blood to the body

52
Q

why do athletes have a greater stroke volume?

A

they pump out more blood per beat

53
Q

what is the frank-starling law?

A
  • the relationship between heart rate and stroke volume
  • states that the greater the volume in ventricles, the greater the contractile strength of ventricles which increases stroke volume
54
Q

what 5 steps occur during exercise?

A
  1. skeletal muscles start to contract
  2. specialized receptors in muscles pick up work
  3. receptors in muscles send stimuli to the medulla via afferent nerves
  4. baroreceptors measure pressure in blood vessels and send the information to the medulla
  5. medulla controls the blood vessels and heart, vessels dilate and heart pumps harder
55
Q

what 5 adaptions occur during exercise?

A
  1. heart, muscle fibre, and left ventricle hypertrophy, hearts are bigger and stronger
  2. stroke volume increases to increase blood flow
  3. heart rate is lower, bradycardia
  4. increased vascularization, increase in capillaries
  5. increased bone density
56
Q

what system does the heart use?

A

aerobic system

57
Q

what fuel does the heart use during rest?

A
  • 40% from free fatty acids
  • 30% from aerobic breakdown of glucose
  • 30% from blood lactate, lactic acid
58
Q

what fuel does the heart use during exercise? and endurance exercise?

A
  • 60% from lactic acid

- 70% from free fatty acids during endurance exercise

59
Q

what are the benefits of a warm-up?

A
  • physiological and safety benefits
  • synovial joint warm-up to release fluids for lubrication
  • increase in body temperature, blood pressure, and cardiac output
60
Q

what are the benefits of a cool down? what happens without a proper cool down?

A
  • promotes recovery

- blood poolings and DOMS may occur without a cool down

61
Q

what is DOMS?

A

delayed onset muscle soreness

- occurs 24-48 hours after workout due to tearing/stretching of muscles

62
Q

how do you measure blood flow?

A

blood flow = pressure/resistance

63
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high BP

64
Q

what is the relationship between age and BP?

A

as age increases, bp increases

  • because blood vessel walls lose elasticity
  • arteries can harder
65
Q

what is the relationship between blood volume and BP?

A

as blood volume decreases, bp decreases

- less blood to move around

66
Q

what is the relationship between elevation and BP?

A

as elevation increases, bp increases

- heart must work harder for oxygen

KINS 1100 (13 decks)

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