Respiration Flashcards
Explain bronchitus
What causes it?
What is formed? Problem with what’s formed?
How to remove what’s formed?
Chemicals in cigarette smoke destroys cilia in trachea and bronchi. Bronchitus is when it blocks the airways
More + thicker mucus is produced - more mucus in lungs which acts as breeding ground for bacteria - can’t breathe
Normally only way to remove mucus is by coughing.
Explain Emphysema
What happens?
At it’s worse what could a sufferer have to do?
Alveoli walls are damaged by smoke - decreases elasticity
“ Breakdown + fuse together - SA of alveoli reduced - decreases gas exchange.
At it’s worse sufferer would have to breathe in pure O2
Lung cancer
What happens?
Cancer cause by?
17 chemicals (carcinogens) increase chances of lung cancer - nothing give you cancer Cancer is caused by mutation in cells causing them to rapidly divide
Explain carbon monoxide poisoning
Where is it found?
What happens when breathed in?
What can it form?
CO found in cigarette smoke
When breathed in : enters the bloodstream - binds to the haemoglobin in red blood cells
Haemoglobin carries O2 around - can’t do if Co is blinded to it
“ Bonds more strongly to CO than O2 forming carboxy haemoglobin
Define respiration
The process of releasing energy from glucose which happens constantly in every living cell
Aerobic respiration word equation
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
Aerobic respiration symbol equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+energy)
Good thing about aerobic respiration
Most efficient way to release energy from glucose
Aerobic respiration needs oxygen/doesn’t need oxygen
Needs oxygen
Anaerobic respiration in animals word equation
Glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy)
Anaerobic respiration in plants word equation
Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy)
Anaerobic respiration does/doesn’t use oxygen
Doesn’t use oxygen
When blood gets to the lungs it has lots of O2/CO2. ______ diffuses out of blood into alveolus, Because there is a high conc in the _______________ and a low conc in the ___________.
CO2
CO2
Blood capillary
Alveolus
______ diffuses into the blood capillary from the alveolus, because the ________ has a high conc and the __________ has a low conc
O2
Alveolus
Blood capillary
Breathing in
Intercostal muscles & diaphragm __________. (Go ________) forcing the ribs up and ______. So the _________ volume increases which decreases the ________. Causing air to move in/out of the lungs.
Contract Down Out Thorax Pressure In
Breathing out
______________ & diaphragm ________. (Go _____)so the _______ go down & in and the thorax volume __________ meaning the pressure __________. Forcing air in/out of the lungs
Intercostal muscles Up Ribs Decreases Increases Out
How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
5
Huge no of microscopic alveoli gives lungs LARGE SA
MOIST LINING for gases to dissolve in
VERY THIN WALLS (one cell thick) - has doesn’t have far to diffuse
GREAT BLOOD SUPPLY - maintain a high conc gradient
WALLS are PERMEABLE - gases can diffuse across easily
Function of the alveoli in gas exchange
Where O2 and CO2 are transferred from lungs and blood
Function of trachea in gas exchange
Allows air to move in & out of lungs
Protected by c-shaped rings of cartilage to protect/prevent form collapsing
Function of ribs in gas exchange
Protect the lungs & heart
Function of diaphragm in gas exchange
Contracts & relaxes increasing and decreasing vol of lungs allowing air in and out
Function of plural membrane in gas exchange
Lubricates the lungs for easy movement and forms a sack around each lung
Function of intercostal muscles in gas exchange
Expand with the diaphragm to let more air in and push air out
Function of bronchus and bronchioli in gas exchange?
To get air to all of the lungs
Each bronchus splits into 2 bronchioli
When stoma is open is it turgid/ flacid
Turgid
When stoma is closed is it turgid/ flacid
Flacid
Leaves are adapted for gas exchange -
Leaves = broad - LARGE SA for diffusion
Leaves = thing - short distance for gases to travel
Spongy mesophyll has lots of air spaces for DIFFUSION
STOMATA on the bottom let CO2 and O2 diffuse in and out
- allow water to escape (transpiration)
- protects from being blocked by rainwater
Lots of water in plant - (_________) - water moves into the __________ - become ________ - makes them _________ & creates a hole for ______, O2 and _____ to diffuse through
Osmosis Guard cells Turgid Curved H2O CO2
Not a lot of water in plant - (_________) - water moves into/out of the guard cell - become ________ - makes them _________ & creates a hole/no hole for diffusion
Osmosis Out Flacid Flat No hole
