Respiration

Question 1

Explain bronchitus
What causes it?
What is formed? Problem with what’s formed?
How to remove what’s formed?

Answer 1

Chemicals in cigarette smoke destroys cilia in trachea and bronchi. Bronchitus is when it blocks the airways
More + thicker mucus is produced - more mucus in lungs which acts as breeding ground for bacteria - can’t breathe
Normally only way to remove mucus is by coughing.

Question 2

Explain Emphysema
What happens?
At it’s worse what could a sufferer have to do?

Answer 2

Alveoli walls are damaged by smoke - decreases elasticity
“ Breakdown + fuse together - SA of alveoli reduced - decreases gas exchange.
At it’s worse sufferer would have to breathe in pure O2

Question 3

Lung cancer
What happens?
Cancer cause by?

Answer 3

17 chemicals (carcinogens) increase chances of lung cancer - nothing give you cancer 
Cancer is caused by mutation in cells causing them to rapidly divide

Question 4

Explain carbon monoxide poisoning
Where is it found?
What happens when breathed in?
What can it form?

Answer 4

CO found in cigarette smoke
When breathed in : enters the bloodstream - binds to the haemoglobin in red blood cells
Haemoglobin carries O2 around - can’t do if Co is blinded to it
“ Bonds more strongly to CO than O2 forming carboxy haemoglobin

Question 5

Define respiration

Answer 5

The process of releasing energy from glucose which happens constantly in every living cell

Question 6

Aerobic respiration word equation

Answer 6

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

Question 7

Aerobic respiration symbol equation

Answer 7

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+energy)

Question 8

Good thing about aerobic respiration

Answer 8

Most efficient way to release energy from glucose

Question 9

Aerobic respiration needs oxygen/doesn’t need oxygen

Answer 9

Needs oxygen

Question 10

Anaerobic respiration in animals word equation

Answer 10

Glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy)

Question 11

Anaerobic respiration in plants word equation

Answer 11

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy)

Question 12

Anaerobic respiration does/doesn’t use oxygen

Answer 12

Doesn’t use oxygen

Question 13

When blood gets to the lungs it has lots of O2/CO2. ______ diffuses out of blood into alveolus, Because there is a high conc in the _______________ and a low conc in the ___________.

Answer 13

CO2
CO2
Blood capillary
Alveolus

Question 14

______ diffuses into the blood capillary from the alveolus, because the ________ has a high conc and the __________ has a low conc

Answer 14

O2
Alveolus
Blood capillary

Question 15

Breathing in
Intercostal muscles & diaphragm __________. (Go ________) forcing the ribs up and ______. So the _________ volume increases which decreases the ________. Causing air to move in/out of the lungs.

Answer 15

Contract
Down
Out
Thorax
Pressure
In

Question 16

Breathing out
______________ & diaphragm ________. (Go _____)so the _______ go down & in and the thorax volume __________ meaning the pressure __________. Forcing air in/out of the lungs

Answer 16

Intercostal muscles
Up
Ribs
Decreases
Increases
Out

Question 17

How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

5

Answer 17

Huge no of microscopic alveoli gives lungs LARGE SA
MOIST LINING for gases to dissolve in
VERY THIN WALLS (one cell thick) - has doesn’t have far to diffuse
GREAT BLOOD SUPPLY - maintain a high conc gradient
WALLS are PERMEABLE - gases can diffuse across easily

Question 18

Function of the alveoli in gas exchange

Answer 18

Where O2 and CO2 are transferred from lungs and blood

Question 19

Function of trachea in gas exchange

Answer 19

Allows air to move in & out of lungs

Protected by c-shaped rings of cartilage to protect/prevent form collapsing

Question 20

Function of ribs in gas exchange

Answer 20

Protect the lungs & heart

Question 21

Function of diaphragm in gas exchange

Answer 21

Contracts & relaxes increasing and decreasing vol of lungs allowing air in and out

Question 22

Function of plural membrane in gas exchange

Answer 22

Lubricates the lungs for easy movement and forms a sack around each lung

Question 23

Function of intercostal muscles in gas exchange

Answer 23

Expand with the diaphragm to let more air in and push air out

Question 24

Function of bronchus and bronchioli in gas exchange?

Answer 24

To get air to all of the lungs

Each bronchus splits into 2 bronchioli

Question 25

When stoma is open is it turgid/ flacid

Answer 25

Turgid

Question 26

When stoma is closed is it turgid/ flacid

Answer 26

Flacid

Question 27

Leaves are adapted for gas exchange -

Answer 27

Leaves = broad - LARGE SA for diffusion
Leaves = thing - short distance for gases to travel
Spongy mesophyll has lots of air spaces for DIFFUSION
STOMATA on the bottom let CO2 and O2 diffuse in and out
- allow water to escape (transpiration)
- protects from being blocked by rainwater

Question 28

Lots of water in plant - (_________) - water moves into the __________ - become ________ - makes them _________ & creates a hole for ______, O2 and _____ to diffuse through

Answer 28

Osmosis
Guard cells
Turgid
Curved
H2O
CO2

Question 29

Not a lot of water in plant - (_________) - water moves into/out of the guard cell - become ________ - makes them _________ & creates a hole/no hole for diffusion

Answer 29

Osmosis
Out
Flacid
Flat
No hole