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EEB 162 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration releases the energy stored in carbon compounds for cellular use, and generates – for biosynthesis

A

carbon precursors

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2
Q

Glycolysis - oxidize sugars involves reactions carried out by soluble enzymes in the –

A

cytosol and in the plastid

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3
Q

Sucrose is split into –

A

glucose and fructose and UDP-glucose

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4
Q

glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate –> triose phosphates called

A

glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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5
Q

Triose phosphates are oxidized to

A

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → pyruvate

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6
Q

additional end product to pyruvate

A

malate

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7
Q

anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is unavailable such as in –

A

roots in flooded soils

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8
Q

fermentation occurs in

A

cytosol

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9
Q

fermentation – pyruvate to convert NADH to NAD+

A

reduce

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10
Q

fermentation results in – ATP per sucrose rather than 60 if citric acid cycle

A

4

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11
Q

Alternative to glycolysis for oxidizing sugars

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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12
Q

pentose phosphate pathway contributes more when plant cells become –

A

fully differentiated

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13
Q

PPP: Contributes more when plant cells become –

A

fully differentiated

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14
Q

6-carbon glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to the 5-carbon ribulose-5-phosphate, releasing – and generating –

A

releasing CO2 and generating NADPH

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15
Q

Ribulose-5-phosphate is converted into –

A

3- to 7- carbon sugars

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16
Q

Inhibited by the accumulation of its products,

A

fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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17
Q

fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are formed in chloroplast as part of the – cycle to produce ribulose

A

Calvin

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18
Q

Reactions of citric acid cycle are carried out by enzymes in –

A

matrix of mitochondria

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19
Q

= inner mitochondrial membrane

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

citric acid cycle: Pyruvate is oxidized completely to CO2 → – = reducing power

A

NADH and FADH2

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21
Q

Pyruvate is decarboxylated by – → CO2, NADH and acetyl-CoA

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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22
Q

after pyruvate is decarboxylated, – occur (with additional CO2 release) and NADH, ATP, and FADH2 are generated

A

oxidative decarboxylation

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23
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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24
Q

– remove H+, pumping these into the intermembrane space,

A

NADH dehydrogenases

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25
Q

NADH dehydrogenases move electrons to –, a small lipid-soluble electron and proton carrier

A

ubiquinone

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26
Q

succinate dehydrogenase from the citric acid cycle also transfers electrons to the –

A

ubiquinone pool

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27
Q

Electrons are then transferred to the cytochrome bc1 complex and to –

A

cytochrome oxidase

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28
Q

chemiosmotic gradient of H+ in the intermembrane space versus the matrix drives the generation of ATP from ADP by the –

A

F0F1-ATP synthase,

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29
Q

F0F1-ATP synthase, which is attached to the – side of the inner membrane

A

matrix

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30
Q

Respiration – with flooding of roots

A

decreases

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31
Q

ducts in the shoot conducting air to the root

A

aerenchyma

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32
Q

root outgrowths that protrude out of the water

A

pneumatophores

33
Q

Respiration – substantially with temperature

A

increases

34
Q

during respiration, free energy is released and transiently stored in – that can readily be utilized for the maintenance and development of the plant

A

ATP

35
Q

in functioning plant cell, – carbon is mainly derived from sucrose, trios phosphates and other sugars, lipids, organic acid and sometimes protein

A

reduced

36
Q

to prevent incineration of cellular structure by a large release of heat, the cell mobilizes the free energy in sucrose in –

A

step-by-step reactions

37
Q

T/F: not all the carbon that enters the respiratory pathways end up as CO2

A

true

38
Q

many intermediates are the – for pathways that synthesize nitrogenous compounds, nucleotides, lipids and others

A

starting points

39
Q

When oxygen is unavailable, – is the main source of energy

A

glycolysis

40
Q

but glycolysis can’t continue if – is not regenerated

A

NAD+

41
Q

control of glycolysis is at the level of – and PEP turnover

A

fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylation

42
Q

PEP inhibits – the enzyme responsible for the fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylation

A

phosphofructokinase

43
Q

glycolysis self-regulates independently of citric acid cycle through a – control

A

bottom-up

44
Q

glycolysis is more dominant than pentose phosphate pathways accounting for – of total carbon flux

A

80-95%

45
Q

PPP is regulated by the balance of – which impact on the first steps

A

NADP+ to NADPH

46
Q

the breakdown of sucrose to pyruvate releases – of the energy in sucrose; the remaining energy is stored in the pyruvate

A

less than 25%

47
Q

mitochondria are spherical or rodlike and range from 0.5 to 1 micro meter in diameter and up to – in length

A

3 micro meter

48
Q

plant cells typically have – mitochondria than animal cells

A

fewer

49
Q

inner membrane contain more than 50% of goal mitochondrial –

A

protein

50
Q

aqueous phase within inner membrane

A

matrix

51
Q

most ions and charged molecules can diffuse past the – membrane

A

outer

52
Q

T/F: mitochondria can carry out protein synthesis

A

true

53
Q

mitochondria proliferate through division o=by – of preexisting mitochondria

A

fission

54
Q

electrochemical proton gradient also plays a role in the movement of – of the citric acid cycle and – out of the mitochondria

A

organic acids; ATP

55
Q

– in the inter membrane space allows ATP 4- to be exchanged for ADP 3- via the ADP/ATP transporter

A

high positive charge

56
Q

– are transported in and out of the matrix to the intermembrane space in association with transport of OH- and Pi 2- to the inter membrane space, exchanged with H+ and Pi-

A

carbon compounds

57
Q

aerobic respiration yields – ATP per sucrose

A

60

58
Q

aerobic respiration captures about – of the free energy available from the complete oxidation not sucrose

A

52%

59
Q

key regulators of glycolysis in cytosol, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

A

ADP and Pi

60
Q

a buildup of ADP and Pi – respiration

A

stimulates

61
Q

plant respiration rates are – on a mass basis than animal tissues because plants have large central vacuole, a bulky cell wall which do not contain mitochondria and thus dilute respiration rate

A

lower

62
Q

all tissues respire

A

24 hrs a day

63
Q

–of daily gain in photosynthetic carbon can be lost to respiration

A

30-60%

64
Q

older trees have – respiration relative to photosynthesis as photosynthetic to non-photsynthetic tissue decreases

A

higher

65
Q

T/F: tissues respire at different rates

A

true

66
Q

greater overall metabolic activity, – respiration rate

A

higher

67
Q

dev buds tend to have – respiration

A

higher

68
Q

respiration often declines as tissues and whole plant ages, except –

A

climerateric

69
Q

high respiration can increase temp; important for flowers that attract pollinators with heat or smell or for shoots that –

A

melt their way through snow

70
Q

respiration will – with O2 availability

A

increase

71
Q

lower night-time temp are beneficial for plant growth since at night –

A

only respiration no photosynthesis

72
Q

higher night-time temp – overall carbon balance (more respiration and thus less net photosynthesis over the day and night)

A

reduce

73
Q

warmer night time temp – tropical tree growth and can halt the growth of mosses which conduct little daily photosynthesis

A

slow

74
Q

increased respiration due to – may carry the threat of CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere due to increased plant respiration

A

global warming

75
Q

in some tree seedlings, high night time temp may – growth possibly by increasing cell division

A

increase

76
Q

recent experimental warming work showed that as plants – to warmer temp during growth, respiration returns to its typical level

A

acclimate

77
Q

respiration response of ecosystems to global warming – growth

A

slow

78
Q

respiration response of ecosystems to global warming mortality and – CO2 emissions

A

higher

79
Q

respiration response of ecosystems to global warming depends on how long the plants have to acclimate and how – temp rise

A

quickly

EEB 162 (17 decks)

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