Respiration

Question 1

Respiration releases the energy stored in carbon compounds for cellular use, and generates – for biosynthesis

Answer 1

carbon precursors

Question 2

Glycolysis - oxidize sugars involves reactions carried out by soluble enzymes in the –

Answer 2

cytosol and in the plastid

Question 3

Sucrose is split into –

Answer 3

glucose and fructose and UDP-glucose

Question 4

glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate –> triose phosphates called

Answer 4

glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 5

Triose phosphates are oxidized to

Answer 5

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → pyruvate

Question 6

additional end product to pyruvate

Answer 6

malate

Question 7

anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is unavailable such as in –

Answer 7

roots in flooded soils

Question 8

fermentation occurs in

Answer 8

cytosol

Question 9

fermentation – pyruvate to convert NADH to NAD+

Answer 9

reduce

Question 10

fermentation results in – ATP per sucrose rather than 60 if citric acid cycle

Answer 10

4

Question 11

Alternative to glycolysis for oxidizing sugars

Answer 11

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 12

pentose phosphate pathway contributes more when plant cells become –

Answer 12

fully differentiated

Question 13

PPP: Contributes more when plant cells become –

Answer 13

fully differentiated

Question 14

6-carbon glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to the 5-carbon ribulose-5-phosphate, releasing – and generating –

Answer 14

releasing CO2 and generating NADPH

Question 15

Ribulose-5-phosphate is converted into –

Answer 15

3- to 7- carbon sugars

Question 16

Inhibited by the accumulation of its products,

Answer 16

fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 17

fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are formed in chloroplast as part of the – cycle to produce ribulose

Answer 17

Calvin

Question 18

Reactions of citric acid cycle are carried out by enzymes in –

Answer 18

matrix of mitochondria

Question 19

= inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 19

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 20

citric acid cycle: Pyruvate is oxidized completely to CO2 → – = reducing power

Answer 20

NADH and FADH2

Question 21

Pyruvate is decarboxylated by – → CO2, NADH and acetyl-CoA

Answer 21

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 22

after pyruvate is decarboxylated, – occur (with additional CO2 release) and NADH, ATP, and FADH2 are generated

Answer 22

oxidative decarboxylation

Question 23

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Answer 23

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 24

– remove H+, pumping these into the intermembrane space,

Answer 24

NADH dehydrogenases

Question 25

NADH dehydrogenases move electrons to --, a small lipid-soluble electron and proton carrier

Answer 25

ubiquinone

Question 26

succinate dehydrogenase from the citric acid cycle also transfers electrons to the --

Answer 26

ubiquinone pool

Question 27

Electrons are then transferred to the cytochrome bc1 complex and to --

Answer 27

cytochrome oxidase

Question 28

chemiosmotic gradient of H+ in the intermembrane space versus the matrix drives the generation of ATP from ADP by the --

Answer 28

F0F1-ATP synthase,

Question 29

F0F1-ATP synthase, which is attached to the -- side of the inner membrane

Answer 29

matrix

Question 30

Respiration -- with flooding of roots

Answer 30

decreases

Question 31

ducts in the shoot conducting air to the root

Answer 31

aerenchyma

Question 32

root outgrowths that protrude out of the water

Answer 32

pneumatophores

Question 33

Respiration -- substantially with temperature

Answer 33

increases

Question 34

during respiration, free energy is released and transiently stored in -- that can readily be utilized for the maintenance and development of the plant

Answer 34

ATP

Question 35

in functioning plant cell, -- carbon is mainly derived from sucrose, trios phosphates and other sugars, lipids, organic acid and sometimes protein

Answer 35

reduced

Question 36

to prevent incineration of cellular structure by a large release of heat, the cell mobilizes the free energy in sucrose in --

Answer 36

step-by-step reactions

Question 37

T/F: not all the carbon that enters the respiratory pathways end up as CO2

Answer 37

true

Question 38

many intermediates are the -- for pathways that synthesize nitrogenous compounds, nucleotides, lipids and others

Answer 38

starting points

Question 39

When oxygen is unavailable, -- is the main source of energy

Answer 39

glycolysis

Question 40

but glycolysis can't continue if -- is not regenerated

Answer 40

NAD+

Question 41

control of glycolysis is at the level of -- and PEP turnover

Answer 41

fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylation

Question 42

PEP inhibits -- the enzyme responsible for the fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylation

Answer 42

phosphofructokinase

Question 43

glycolysis self-regulates independently of citric acid cycle through a -- control

Answer 43

bottom-up

Question 44

glycolysis is more dominant than pentose phosphate pathways accounting for -- of total carbon flux

Answer 44

80-95%

Question 45

PPP is regulated by the balance of -- which impact on the first steps

Answer 45

NADP+ to NADPH

Question 46

the breakdown of sucrose to pyruvate releases -- of the energy in sucrose; the remaining energy is stored in the pyruvate

Answer 46

less than 25%

Question 47

mitochondria are spherical or rodlike and range from 0.5 to 1 micro meter in diameter and up to -- in length

Answer 47

3 micro meter

Question 48

plant cells typically have -- mitochondria than animal cells

Answer 48

fewer

Question 49

inner membrane contain more than 50% of goal mitochondrial --

Answer 49

protein

Question 50

aqueous phase within inner membrane

Answer 50

matrix

Question 51

most ions and charged molecules can diffuse past the -- membrane

Answer 51

outer

Question 52

T/F: mitochondria can carry out protein synthesis

Answer 52

true

Question 53

mitochondria proliferate through division o=by -- of preexisting mitochondria

Answer 53

fission

Question 54

electrochemical proton gradient also plays a role in the movement of -- of the citric acid cycle and -- out of the mitochondria

Answer 54

organic acids; ATP

Question 55

-- in the inter membrane space allows ATP 4- to be exchanged for ADP 3- via the ADP/ATP transporter

Answer 55

high positive charge

Question 56

-- are transported in and out of the matrix to the intermembrane space in association with transport of OH- and Pi 2- to the inter membrane space, exchanged with H+ and Pi-

Answer 56

carbon compounds

Question 57

aerobic respiration yields -- ATP per sucrose

Answer 57

60

Question 58

aerobic respiration captures about -- of the free energy available from the complete oxidation not sucrose

Answer 58

52%

Question 59

key regulators of glycolysis in cytosol, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

Answer 59

ADP and Pi

Question 60

a buildup of ADP and Pi -- respiration

Answer 60

stimulates

Question 61

plant respiration rates are -- on a mass basis than animal tissues because plants have large central vacuole, a bulky cell wall which do not contain mitochondria and thus dilute respiration rate

Answer 61

lower

Question 62

all tissues respire

Answer 62

24 hrs a day

Question 63

--of daily gain in photosynthetic carbon can be lost to respiration

Answer 63

30-60%

Question 64

older trees have -- respiration relative to photosynthesis as photosynthetic to non-photsynthetic tissue decreases

Answer 64

higher

Question 65

T/F: tissues respire at different rates

Answer 65

true

Question 66

greater overall metabolic activity, -- respiration rate

Answer 66

higher

Question 67

dev buds tend to have -- respiration

Answer 67

higher

Question 68

respiration often declines as tissues and whole plant ages, except --

Answer 68

climerateric

Question 69

high respiration can increase temp; important for flowers that attract pollinators with heat or smell or for shoots that --

Answer 69

melt their way through snow

Question 70

respiration will -- with O2 availability

Answer 70

increase

Question 71

lower night-time temp are beneficial for plant growth since at night --

Answer 71

only respiration no photosynthesis

Question 72

higher night-time temp -- overall carbon balance (more respiration and thus less net photosynthesis over the day and night)

Answer 72

reduce

Question 73

warmer night time temp -- tropical tree growth and can halt the growth of mosses which conduct little daily photosynthesis

Answer 73

slow

Question 74

increased respiration due to -- may carry the threat of CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere due to increased plant respiration

Answer 74

global warming

Question 75

in some tree seedlings, high night time temp may -- growth possibly by increasing cell division

Answer 75

increase

Question 76

recent experimental warming work showed that as plants -- to warmer temp during growth, respiration returns to its typical level

Answer 76

acclimate

Question 77

respiration response of ecosystems to global warming -- growth

Answer 77

slow

Question 78

respiration response of ecosystems to global warming mortality and -- CO2 emissions

Answer 78

higher

Question 79

respiration response of ecosystems to global warming depends on how long the plants have to acclimate and how -- temp rise

Answer 79

quickly