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EEB 162 > Class 2 > Flashcards

Class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

water makes up most of the – of plant cells

A

mass

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2
Q

water makes the bulk of the content of – and –

A

vacuole and tissues

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3
Q

plant must maintain its hydration within – or growth will cease and tissue becomes stressed, and plant may wilt or die

A

narrow limits

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4
Q

In lettuce, water may = –% of plant fresh mass

A

95

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5
Q

In wood, water may = –%

A

35-75

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6
Q

seed are –% water

A

5-15

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7
Q

because water content fluctuates diurnally, seasonally, and ontogenetically, plant growth is typically measured in – mass

A

dry

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8
Q

as plants lose water, their final defense system/active response leads to the production of stress hormones

A

abscisic acid and solute accumulation

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9
Q

1st process that tapers off as water is lost

A

cell expansion

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10
Q

decrease in cell expansion is followed by a decrease in –

A

wall and protein synthesis

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11
Q

water is lost, stomata closes, then – stops

A

photosynthesis

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12
Q

– water potential = dehydration

A

negative

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13
Q

potential of pure water

A

-0

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14
Q

Why do plants need so much water? Water is lost as a side-effect of photosynthesis

A

transpirational cost

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15
Q

1 mol CO2 –> lose – molecules of water

A

100

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16
Q

Opening up stomata to get CO2 for photosynthesis exposes the moist plant interior to the drying air, creating a huge driving force for water to – out of leaf (transpiration)

A

evaporate

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17
Q

transpiration can cool the leaf several degrees below –

A

air temperature

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18
Q

Transpiration takes a huge amount of water, when transpiring under full sun, a leaf can exchange its total water content in – minutes

A

20

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19
Q

a small fraction of the water taken up is used for – and –

A

photosynthesis and tissue expansion

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20
Q

On a warm, dry, sunny, day a leaf will exchange up to 100 % of its water in

A

an hour

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21
Q

evaporation of water during transpiration – heat energy, keeping plants under bright sunlight up to a few degrees cooler than air

A

dissipates

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22
Q

transpiration is a form of – cooling because it is cost free

A

passive

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23
Q

animal sweating is a form of – cooling

A

active

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24
Q

water is a limiting yet – resource for growth

A

required

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25
Q

no water > – closes > no photosynthesis > plant overheats

A

stomata

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26
Q

T/F: water is the most limiting resource for agricultural and ecosystem productivity

A

true

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27
Q

photosynthetic rate – once T. optimum is reached

A

quickly tapers off

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28
Q

photosynthesis is – dependent

A

temperature

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29
Q

respiration – as temperature increases to increase metabolism

A

increases exponentially

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30
Q

net carbon =

A

photosynthesis - respiration

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31
Q

increasing temperatures beyond T. optimum – proteins so respiration must increase to replace – proteins

A

denatured

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32
Q

decrease in water leads to a – in crop productivity

A

direct decrease

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33
Q

droughts are becoming more frequent, severe, and –

A

unpredictable

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34
Q

T/F: droughts are found in various types of climates and habitats

A

true

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35
Q

accumulation of mass by an ecosystem per area per year

A

productivity

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36
Q

annual precipitation is measured as – falling per ground area

A

volume

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37
Q

productivity has a positive linear correlation with steady increase in annual precipitation and reaches a saturation in – area

A

ever wet

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38
Q

Water has about 69 queer, –, unique properties

A

anomalous

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39
Q

oxygen is more – than hydrogen so there is a partial negative charge on O and a partial positive charge on Hs

A

electronegative

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40
Q

due to partial charges, water is a – molecule

A

polar

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41
Q

weak attraction between water molecules is due to –

A

hydrogen bonds

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42
Q

hydrogen bonds also form between water and other molecules with – or – atoms

A

O or N

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43
Q

hydrogen bonds in water lead to – that continually form, break up and re-form

A

local, ordered clusters

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44
Q

water is a super solvent due to small size of molecules and to its – nature

A

polar

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45
Q

water is especially good as a solvent for – substances and for sugars and proteins with polar groups

A

ionic

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46
Q

the hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules and organic ions – the ions, and increase their solubility

A

stabilize

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47
Q

because of – water has high specific heat capacity and high latent heat of vaporization

A

hydrogen bonding

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48
Q

specific heat is the energy required to – the temperature

A

raise

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49
Q

latent heat of vaporization is the energy require to – from liquid to gas phase

A

move molecules

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50
Q

most of the energy of specific heat and latent heat of vap is required to – hydrogen bonds

A

break

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51
Q

because of hydrogen bonds, water molecules are strongly attached to each other

A

cohesion

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52
Q

– minimizes surface area

A

air-water interface

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53
Q

expanding the surface requires –

A

breaking hydrogen bonds

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54
Q

energy required to increase the surface area

A

surface tension

55
Q

surface tension influences the shape of the air-water interface, and creates a net force at the interface if it is –

A

curved

56
Q

surface tension will dissolve bubbles, because the interface exerts an –

A 
internal pressure (2T/r)
T = surface tension of liquid
r = radius of bubble
57
Q

air in a bubble resists shrinkage, but as the air dissolves into water, the bubble – due to surface tension

A

collapses

58
Q

water is also attracted to solid phase, especially with charged groups (e.g. cell wall, glass surface)

A

adhesion

59
Q

cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension result in –

A

capillarity

60
Q

surface tension, normal to the surface, is not related to – of a fluid

A

viscosity

61
Q

surface tension causes bubbles to be – and causes air bubbles to dissolve

A

round

62
Q

T/F: a sealed syringe can be used to create positive and negative presses in fluids such as water

A

true

63
Q

water is driven to climb walls of a container by –

A

adhesion

64
Q

high surface tension leads to – of air-water interface

A

minimizing

65
Q

– pulls the rest of the water upward

A

cohesion

66
Q

water will rise until the force is balanced by the – of the water column

A

weight

67
Q

water rises higher in – tubes

A

smaller

68
Q

in cell walls, capillaries have a tiny radius (about 100 nm) so pull water in very – and cell wall surfaces remain wet throughout the plant

A

strongly

69
Q

capillarity may contribute to water movement from soil to leaves in – but not in tall trees

A

seedlings

70
Q

– gives water a high tensile strength

A

cohesion

71
Q

the pull a continuous column of water can withstand before breaking, allowing water to be pulled like a rope

A

tensile strength

72
Q

pull = – = tension

A

negative pressure

73
Q

pressure =

A

force per area

74
Q

SI units of pressure

A

Pascals (Pa)

75
Q

1 Pascal = 1 –

A

Nm^(-2)

76
Q

0.1013 MPa Pa = 1.013 x 10^(5) kPa = 1 atmosphere = 1.013 bar = – mm HG

A

760

77
Q

1 atmosphere = – pounds per square inch

A

14.7

78
Q

pressure units used by physiologists

A

MPa

79
Q

a car tire is typically inflated to about

A

0.2 MPa (2 bars)

80
Q

water pressure in home plumbing

A

0.2-0.3 MPa (above atmospheric pressure)

81
Q

hydraulic head for 10 m of water

A

0.1 MPa

82
Q

negative pressure can develop in water; if there are no air bubbles, water can develop tensions to below –

A

-30 MPa

83
Q

if air bubble contaminates the water, the bubble will expand under tension, breaking the water column

A

cavitation

84
Q

tensions are very important as – pulls water from roots to the leaves

A

transpiration

85
Q

water transpiration through xylem can rise by capillary rise up about – m

A

0.6

86
Q

T/F: you can pull on air

A

false

87
Q

if there’s air bubble in a syringe, it will – under tension

A

expand

88
Q

if you remove all air out of water you can pull water up –

A

kilometers

89
Q

remove all air molecules from water

A

degassing

90
Q

used by mechanics

A

pounds per square inch

91
Q

labs usually use

A

mm Hg

92
Q

physiology labs

A

bar

93
Q

physiology publishing

A

MPa

94
Q

sucking as hard as you can, how much negative pressure can you pull?

A
  • 0.1 MPa
95
Q

we can theoretically pull a –

A

vacuum

96
Q

leave of a plant can pull –

A

-0.2 MPa

97
Q

water transport: any – requires a driving force and a transport

A

flow

98
Q

diffusion is only relevant for very – distances

A

short

99
Q

driving force in diffusion

A

concentration gradient (delta c / delta x)

100
Q

transport coefficient in diffusion

A

diffusion coefficient (D)

101
Q

Fick’s law, flow =

A

-D (delta c / delta x)

102
Q

Fick’s law can be explained due simply to random –

A

thermal agitation

103
Q

D is a property of the – and the medium

A

diffusing substance

104
Q

Because concentration gradient drops off rapidly with distance, diffusion is rapid over – distances

A

short

105
Q

diffusion is – over long distances

A

slow

106
Q

time to diffuse a distance L is equal to

A

(L^2)/D

107
Q

a glucose molecule will take – seconds to diffuse across a 50 um cell

A

2.5

108
Q

a glucose molecule will take – to diffuse across 1 m

A

32 years

109
Q

diffusion is important for transpiration from leaves to air, movement of – within cells, movement of signal molecules across plasmodesmata

A

solutes

110
Q

driving force in bulk flow

A

pressure gradient (delta water potential / delta x)

111
Q

transport coefficient in bulk flow

A

hydraulic conductance (K,h)

112
Q

Darcy’s Law, flow =

A

K,h (delta water potential / delta x)

113
Q

for tubes like xylem conduits, Poiseuille’s Law defines K,h as

A

[(pi)r^4]/8n

114
Q

bulk flow – with the width of the tube

A

dramatically increases

115
Q

bulk flow is important for movement of – in xylem and phloem, through roots, stems and leaves

A

sap

116
Q

bulk flow is also important for the movement of water in the soil and through plant –

A

cell walls

117
Q

driving force in osmosis

A

water potential gradient (delta water potential)

118
Q

transport coefficient in osmosis

A

membrane conductivity (L,p)

119
Q

osmosis equation, flow =

A

L,p (delta water potential)

120
Q

cell membranes are –

A

selectively permeable

121
Q

water crosses membranes by – through lipid bilayer and through aquaporins

A

diffusion

122
Q

driving force for movement of water (water potential gradient) is osmosis which is determined by both – and – gradient

A

concentration and pressure

123
Q

water potential concept water flows from

A

water flows from high to low water potential

124
Q

more solutes – the solute potential and thus – the overall water potential

A

lower

125
Q

solute potential is either – or negative

A

0

126
Q

pressure potential can be – in xylem, or turgor pressure in cells (pressure of water in vacuole and cytoplasm against the plant cell water)

A

fluid pressure

127
Q

in open water, pressure potential is

A

0

128
Q

in living cells, pressure potential is either 0 or

A

positive

129
Q

in xylem, pressure potential is usually

A

negative

130
Q

causes water to move downward

A

gravity potential

131
Q

T/F: gravity potential is negligible at the scale of the cell

A

true

132
Q

gravity potential is either 0 or –

A

negative

133
Q

at – water potential of cell and surroundings are the same there is no net water movement

A

equilibrium

EEB 162 (17 decks)

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