Class 1 Flashcards by she ign

A plant is – branch off the tree of life

one

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plants have typical characters at the cell level: cellulose cell walls, – and chloroplasts

vacuole

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– species of plants

250k

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T/F: chloroplasts evolved way before plants

true

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Goethe’s – scientist sells soul to devil to get fame

Italian Journey

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Classic “unified plant” idea: Goethe’s ‘Ur-plant’ all plants are variations on a single unified theme, and that each carries within it the – for huge variation

potential

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Modern “unified plant” idea: emphasis in much – on ‘model’ plants, with genomes determined, functionally elucidated, modified

physiology

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Arabidopsis (thale cress) has a small genome, sequenced in 2000, – week life cycle, easy to propagate

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used in classic genetic and molecular biology experiments (McClintock); important fast-growing crop

Zea mays (corn, maize)

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model especially for flower developmental genetics

Antirrhinum (snapdragon)

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other model plant species include brassica (cabbage, canola), –, tobacco, and rice

tomato

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cell wall is rigid, made of cellulose, with –

proteins

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primary cell walls are –, characteristic of young, growing cells

thick

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model plants should be able to – fast (easily propagated)

grow

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plants have typical characters at the whole-plant level:

roots, leaves

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secondary cell walls have deposited of – so are up to several um thick and stronger

lignin

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model plants should have – fecundity

high

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model plants should be – to grow

cheap

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model plants should be easy to – for genetic experiments

manipulate

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If a model plant’s genome was –, it would be easier to discover, clone, and transfer genes

sequenced

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Other important aspects of model plants are that it should be – of most plants in terms of genetics and have variable phenotypes

representative

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Does arabidopsis have phenotypic plasticity?

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typical body = stem, – and root

leaf

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softer more flexible cell wall

primary wall

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-- also bridges the cells

endoplasmic reticulum

vacuole is the -- compartment

storage

vacuole can press up against cell membrane/wall

hydrostatic pressure

outside the protoplasts, the cell walls also form a continuous space, a potential pathway

apoplast

all of the membranes within the cell are --

interconnected

vacuole contains water, organic and inorganic ions, ---, enzymes, and metabolites

sugars

vacuole also serves to degrade cells during --

senescence

number of mitochondria depends on -- of the cell

metabolic activity

T/F: there are many mitochondria in the guard cells

true

mitochondria is the site of --

respiration

mitochondria are -- long

3 um

chloroplasts are typically -- per cell

20-40

chloroplasts are -- long

5-8 um

site of photosynthesis

chloroplasts

peroxisomes spherical organelles that function to -- compounds and also to break down peroxide, a by product of cellular reactions

oxidize

tubular extensions of plasma membrane 40-50 nm in diameter that traverse the cell wall and connect two cells

plasmodesmata

root cap + root apical meristem

root apex

compounds may be transported between cells, but typically only up to 2 nm in diameter, through the -- formed by the plasma membrane and ER in the cavity

microchannels

because the cytoplasm of most cells is thus continuous, we may conceive of all the living tissue in the plant as connected in one transport pathway

symplast

outside the protoplasts, the cell walls also form a continuous space, a potential pathway

apoplast

H+ -ATPase involved in ATP synthesis is found on the mitochondria's --

inner membrane

T/F: both mitochondria and chloroplasts make ATP in plants

true

stack of thylakoids

granum

where light reactions occur in chloroplasts

thylakoid membrane

super apoplast

xylem

super symplast

phloem

doesn't need to cross cell membrane so water is best conducted by

apoplast

large biomolecules are able to move in a controlled manner do it is best conducted by

symplast

water moves from cell to cell via spaces in the -- until it reaches the endodermis

cell wall

water moves from cell to cell in the cytoplasm via the plasma membranes and --

plasmodesmata

whole-plant architecture; growth confined to --

meristems

leaf primordia + shoot apical meristem

shoot apex

root cap + root apical meristem

root apex

epidermis, cuticle, guard cells, and root hairs

dermal tissue

waxy layer that prevents water from evaporating and desiccating leaf

cuticle

parenchyma and -- are present in phloem

fibers

xylem and phloem are -- tissues

vascular

thin-walled, metabolically active cells, functional in metabolism and photosynthesis

parenchyma

narrow, elongated cells with thick primary walls, provide structural support to the growing plant body

collenchyma

collenchyma can -- as organs grow

stretch

usually found in stem periphery and petioles

collenchyma

consists of two types of cells, sclereids and fibers

sclerenchyma

both cell types of sclerenchyma have thick secondary walls and are frequently -- at maturity

dead

T/F: sclereids occur in a variety of shapes, ranging from roughly spherical to branched, and are widely distributed throughout the plant

true

fibers are narrow, elongated and commonly associated with -- tissues

vascular

-- provides mechanical support particularly to non-elongating parts of the plant

sclerenchyma

xylem functions in conduction of water and --

nutrients

-- and sclerenchyma are also present in xylem

parenchyma

phloem functions in conduction of sugars and --

signal molecules

conducting tissue of phloem is composed of -- (gymnosperms)

sieve cells

parenchyma and -- are present in phloem

fibers

-- have no chloroplasts

xylem

non photosynthetic plants include -- and saprophytic plants

parasitic

gymnosperms -- species

700

angiosperms -- species

250,000

Wolffia spp

duckweed

plants can thrive from different percentage of daylight -- habitats

irradiance

plants exist on chronically dry soil, and on -- (or submerged in water)

ever-wet soil

plants exist where temp reach

less than negative 40 and greater than 40 degrees C

different growth forms: woody, single stem

trees

different growth forms: woody, multiple stems, shorter

shrubs

different growth forms: non-woody

herbs

variation in habitat: clonal populations, epiphytes, and --

carnivorous plants

diversity in biochemical and metabolism: C3, C4, and -- photosynthesis

CAM

huge range in flower size

aroids

live with no water

nolana

spends life in water

taxodium

full daylight

agave

adapted to less than 40 degrees C

birch tree

adapted to > 40 degrees C

Joshua tree

conducting tissue of phloem is composed of -- (angiosperms)

sieve tubes