Class 1 Flashcards
A plant is – branch off the tree of life
one
plants have typical characters at the cell level: cellulose cell walls, – and chloroplasts
vacuole
– species of plants
250k
T/F: chloroplasts evolved way before plants
true
Goethe’s – scientist sells soul to devil to get fame
Italian Journey
Classic “unified plant” idea: Goethe’s ‘Ur-plant’ all plants are variations on a single unified theme, and that each carries within it the – for huge variation
potential
Modern “unified plant” idea: emphasis in much – on ‘model’ plants, with genomes determined, functionally elucidated, modified
physiology
Arabidopsis (thale cress) has a small genome, sequenced in 2000, – week life cycle, easy to propagate
6
used in classic genetic and molecular biology experiments (McClintock); important fast-growing crop
Zea mays (corn, maize)
model especially for flower developmental genetics
Antirrhinum (snapdragon)
other model plant species include brassica (cabbage, canola), –, tobacco, and rice
tomato
cell wall is rigid, made of cellulose, with –
proteins
primary cell walls are –, characteristic of young, growing cells
thick
model plants should be able to – fast (easily propagated)
grow
plants have typical characters at the whole-plant level:
roots, leaves
secondary cell walls have deposited of – so are up to several um thick and stronger
lignin
model plants should have – fecundity
high
model plants should be – to grow
cheap
model plants should be easy to – for genetic experiments
manipulate
If a model plant’s genome was –, it would be easier to discover, clone, and transfer genes
sequenced
Other important aspects of model plants are that it should be – of most plants in terms of genetics and have variable phenotypes
representative
Does arabidopsis have phenotypic plasticity?
no
typical body = stem, – and root
leaf
softer more flexible cell wall
primary wall
– also bridges the cells
endoplasmic reticulum
vacuole is the – compartment
storage
vacuole can press up against cell membrane/wall
hydrostatic pressure
outside the protoplasts, the cell walls also form a continuous space, a potential pathway
apoplast
all of the membranes within the cell are –
interconnected
vacuole contains water, organic and inorganic ions, —, enzymes, and metabolites
sugars
vacuole also serves to degrade cells during –
senescence
number of mitochondria depends on – of the cell
metabolic activity
T/F: there are many mitochondria in the guard cells
true
mitochondria is the site of –
respiration
mitochondria are – long
3 um
chloroplasts are typically – per cell
20-40
chloroplasts are – long
5-8 um
site of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
peroxisomes spherical organelles that function to – compounds and also to break down peroxide, a by product of cellular reactions
oxidize
tubular extensions of plasma membrane 40-50 nm in diameter that traverse the cell wall and connect two cells
plasmodesmata
root cap + root apical meristem
root apex
compounds may be transported between cells, but typically only up to 2 nm in diameter, through the – formed by the plasma membrane and ER in the cavity
microchannels
because the cytoplasm of most cells is thus continuous, we may conceive of all the living tissue in the plant as connected in one transport pathway
symplast
outside the protoplasts, the cell walls also form a continuous space, a potential pathway
apoplast
H+ -ATPase involved in ATP synthesis is found on the mitochondria’s –
inner membrane
T/F: both mitochondria and chloroplasts make ATP in plants
true
stack of thylakoids
granum
where light reactions occur in chloroplasts
thylakoid membrane
super apoplast
xylem
super symplast
phloem
doesn’t need to cross cell membrane so water is best conducted by
apoplast
large biomolecules are able to move in a controlled manner do it is best conducted by
symplast
water moves from cell to cell via spaces in the – until it reaches the endodermis
cell wall
water moves from cell to cell in the cytoplasm via the plasma membranes and –
plasmodesmata
whole-plant architecture; growth confined to –
meristems
leaf primordia + shoot apical meristem
shoot apex
root cap + root apical meristem
root apex
epidermis, cuticle, guard cells, and root hairs
dermal tissue
waxy layer that prevents water from evaporating and desiccating leaf
cuticle
parenchyma and – are present in phloem
fibers
xylem and phloem are – tissues
vascular
thin-walled, metabolically active cells, functional in metabolism and photosynthesis
parenchyma
narrow, elongated cells with thick primary walls, provide structural support to the growing plant body
collenchyma
collenchyma can – as organs grow
stretch
usually found in stem periphery and petioles
collenchyma
consists of two types of cells, sclereids and fibers
sclerenchyma
both cell types of sclerenchyma have thick secondary walls and are frequently – at maturity
dead
T/F: sclereids occur in a variety of shapes, ranging from roughly spherical to branched, and are widely distributed throughout the plant
true
fibers are narrow, elongated and commonly associated with – tissues
vascular
– provides mechanical support particularly to non-elongating parts of the plant
sclerenchyma
xylem functions in conduction of water and –
nutrients
– and sclerenchyma are also present in xylem
parenchyma
phloem functions in conduction of sugars and –
signal molecules
conducting tissue of phloem is composed of – (gymnosperms)
sieve cells
parenchyma and – are present in phloem
fibers
– have no chloroplasts
xylem
non photosynthetic plants include – and saprophytic plants
parasitic
gymnosperms – species
700
angiosperms – species
250,000
Wolffia spp
duckweed
plants can thrive from different percentage of daylight – habitats
irradiance
plants exist on chronically dry soil, and on – (or submerged in water)
ever-wet soil
plants exist where temp reach
less than negative 40 and greater than 40 degrees C
different growth forms: woody, single stem
trees
different growth forms: woody, multiple stems, shorter
shrubs
different growth forms: non-woody
herbs
variation in habitat: clonal populations, epiphytes, and –
carnivorous plants
diversity in biochemical and metabolism: C3, C4, and – photosynthesis
CAM
huge range in flower size
aroids
live with no water
nolana
spends life in water
taxodium
full daylight
agave
adapted to less than 40 degrees C
birch tree
adapted to > 40 degrees C
Joshua tree
conducting tissue of phloem is composed of – (angiosperms)
sieve tubes
