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EEB 162 > Class 5 > Flashcards

Class 5 Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesis powers the cellular processes in the plant and downstream, the main – of organisms and ecological processes

A

energy source

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2
Q

ligher reactions are also called the – reactions

A

thylakoid

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3
Q

carbon (fixation) reactions are also called the – reactions

A

dark

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4
Q

the bulk of photosynthesis takes place in the leaf – which has cells with many chloroplasts

A

mesophyll

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5
Q

chloroplasts have high concentration of light-absorbing – pigments called chlorophylls

A

green

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6
Q

light reactions occur in the –

A

internal membranes (thylakoid)

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7
Q

carbon reactions occur in the – of the chloroplast, the aqueous region surrounding the thylakoids

A

stroma

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8
Q

light reactions lead to the splitting of –

A

water

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9
Q

light reactions produce – and – (reducing equivalents and energy) to be provided to the carbon reactions

A

ATP and NADPH

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10
Q

light is an – wave and many kinds of light exist = many wavelengths (or frequencies)

A

electromagnetic

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11
Q

light is also a particle so it contains –

A

energy (i.e. impact)

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12
Q

sunlight is a stream of – of different frequencies

A

photons

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13
Q

plants can only use a narrow range of wavelengths for photosynthesis, the same range as the human eye,

A

visible spectrum, 400-700 nm

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14
Q

an – of a substance quantifies its ability to take up light across the spectrum

A

absorption spectrum

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15
Q

absorption spectrum plots a substance’s absorption of light against – of light

A

wavelength

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16
Q

absorption of light energy by pigment molecules takes place when the photon causes an electron to move to a higher energy state; the molecule becomes –

A

excited

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17
Q

as a chlorophyll molecule returns to its less excited state, it releases the energy by emitting –, energy transfer, or photochemistry

A

heat, fluorescence,

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18
Q

fluorescence involves – a photon of lower energy (longer wavelength)

A

re-emitting

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19
Q

energy transfer causes the – of another pigment

A

excitation

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20
Q

photochemistry causes – to occur

A

chemical reactions

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21
Q

photosynthetic pigments include chlorophylls (and – in certain bacteria), and carotenoids and other accessory pigments

A

bacteriochlorophylls

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22
Q

photosynthetic pigments are rich in – which stabilize the excited state

A

conjugated double bonds

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23
Q

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are made up of a complex ring structure called – (similar to in hemoglobin)

A

haem group

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24
Q

a harm group contains a – atom bonded to nitrogen

A

Mg

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25
Q

a harm group contains a long – that holds the pigment anchored to a protein or membrane

A

hydrocarbon tail

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26
Q

carotenoids are linear molecules which give a – color

A

orange

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27
Q

carotenoids are intimately associated with the – and with photosynthetic proteins

A

thylakoid membrane

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28
Q

light absorbed by the carotenoids is transferred to chlorophyll for photosynthesis and thus carotenoids are –

A

accessory pigments

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29
Q

carotenoids also help protect from –

A

excess light damage

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30
Q

plots of the response of a system (i.e. products generated in a reaction) against light wavelength (used to study light-driven reactions)

A

action spectra

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31
Q

an action spectrum will show what – of light can cause the reaction to proceed

A

wavelengths

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32
Q

light absorption in the chloroplasts is primarily done by chlorophyll in the –

A

antenna complex (light-harvesting antenna)

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33
Q

antenna complex transfers the absorbed energy to chlorophyll in the –

A

reaction centers

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34
Q

because bright light is – even without an antenna, many reaction centers would be activated only intermittently

A

dilute

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35
Q

having – of the chlorophyll in the antenna allows the reaction centers to run continuously

A

> 95%

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36
Q

red drop effect showed that only – light was inefficient in driving photosynthesis despite high absorption of this wavelength

A

far-red

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37
Q

enhancement effect showed a major enhancement of photosynthesis when – together were supplied, relative to when either were supplied alone

A

red and far-red

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38
Q

photosystem – preferentially absorbs far-red light

A

I

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39
Q

photosystem – preferentially absorbs red light and is driven very poorly by far-red light

A

II

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40
Q

Z scheme is constituted of two photosystems each with its own antenna pigments and photochemical reaction center linked by an –

A

electron transport chain

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41
Q

stacked thylakoids

A

grana lamellae

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42
Q

unstacked thylakoids

A

stroma lamellae

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43
Q

T/F: chloroplast is bounded by two lipid bilayer membranes, the inner and outer envelope

A

true

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44
Q

chloroplast contains its own –

A

DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

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45
Q

some chloroplast proteins are produced within the chloroplast itself whereas others are encoded by nuclear DNA and produced in the – and imported into the chloroplast

A

cytoplasm

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46
Q

T/F: some chloroplastic enzymes are composed of protein sub unites encoded from both nuclear and chloroplast DNA

A

true

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47
Q

proteins embedded in the thylakoid membranes, via hydrophobic amino acids, with regions extending into surrounding aqueous medium are called

A

integral membrane proteins

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48
Q

reaction centers, the antenna pigment/protein complexes and most of the – proteins are integral membrane proteins

A

electron carrier

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49
Q

photosynthetic pigments are associated in a – but highly specific way with proteins forming pigment-protein complexes

A

noncovalent

50
Q

pigment-protein complexes are organized within the – to optimize energy transfer in antenna complexes and electron transfer in and between reaction centers

A

membrane

51
Q

photosystem I and Ii are – in the thylakoid membrane

A

spatially separated

52
Q

PSII located in

A

grana lamellae

53
Q

PSI located in

A

stroma lamellae

54
Q

ATP synthase enzyme is located in

A

stroma lamellae

55
Q

– that connects the two photosystems is evenly distributed between the two photosystems

A

cytochrome -b6f complex

56
Q

diffusible electron carriers – and – deliver the electrons between photosystems

A

plastocyanin and plastoquinone

57
Q

plants usually have an excess of PSII to PSI usually a ratio of about –

A

1.5 : 1

58
Q

the antenna system delivers energy efficiently to the –

A

reaction centers

59
Q

there are – chlorophylls per reaction centers in higher plants

A

200-300

60
Q

diverse antenna pigments are involved, all associated with the –

A

thylakoid membrane

61
Q

energy is transferred from the antenna to the reaction center by – resonance energy transfer

A

fluorescence resonance

62
Q

the energy transfer to the reaction center occurs by a – process such as the transfer of energy between tuning forks

A

nonradiative

63
Q

the sequence of pigments within the antenna shifts progressively toward –

A

longer red wavelengths (lower energy)

64
Q

some – is dissipated during energy transfer

A

heat

65
Q

since heat is lost, energy at the outside of the antenna is – than near the reaction center; this keeps the energy transfer moving one way

A

higher

66
Q

most abundant antenna proteins

A

light-harvesting complex II proteins

67
Q

light-harvesting complex II proteins bind – chlorophyll molecules

A

14

68
Q

photons excite the chlorophyll of the reaction centers, – an electron

A

ejecting

69
Q

after excitation, the ejected electron then passes through a series of electron carriers, eventually reducing – and generates ATP

A

reducing NADP+

70
Q

photosystem II oxidizes water to oxygen in the –

A

thylakoid lumen

71
Q

when PSII oxidizes water it releases – into the lumen

A

protons

72
Q

when PSII oxidizes water it passes electron to the plastoquinone, forming –

A

plastohydroquinone

73
Q

– oxidizes plastohydroquinone

A

cytochrome b6f

74
Q

cytochrome b6f delivers electrons to –

A

plastocyanin

75
Q

PSI oxidizes –

A

plastocyanin

76
Q

PSI passes electrons to – which reduces NADP+ generating NADPH

A

ferredoxin

77
Q

ATP synthase produces ATP as protons diffuse through it from – to –

A

lumen to stroma

78
Q

light excites a reaction center chlorophyll by direct absorption or more frequently via – from an antenna pigment

A

energy transfer

79
Q

the absorbed photon causes an electron – in the reaction center

A

rearrangement

80
Q

P680

A

PSII

81
Q

P700

A

PSI

82
Q

PS II has its electron supplied by a

A

donor Yz

83
Q

donor Yz has its electron supplied by the –, an enzyme that splits (oxidizes) water

A

oxygen-evolving complex

84
Q

Mn is an essential –

A

co-factor

85
Q

from the cytochrome b6f complex, one electron moves linearly toward –

A

plastocyanin (PC)

86
Q

from the cytochrome b6f complex, one electron goes through a –, which effectively pumps more protons into the thylakoid lumen

A

cyclic process

87
Q

plastoquinone distributed on the

A

grana thylakoids

88
Q

plastocyanin distributed on the

A

stroma thylakoids

89
Q

cytochrome b6f complex is – distributed between the grana and stroma thylakoids

A

equally

90
Q

Q, PC, and cytochrome b6f are large complexes that are embedded in the –

A

membrane

91
Q

Q and PC are –, relatively small molecules

A

mobile

92
Q

Q is – soluble moving in the membrane

A

lipid

93
Q

PC is – soluble moving in the thylakoid lumen

A

water

94
Q

PS I has its electrons resupplied by –

A

PC

95
Q

a core – is an integral part of the reaction center

A

core chlorophyll

96
Q

under certain conditions, cyclic electron flow occurs, in which – passes electrons back to the cytochrome b6f complex, which results in more protons pumped into the lumen

A

PS I

97
Q

some herbicides – electron transport

A

block

98
Q

– blocks reduction of the plastoquinone acceptor

A

DCMU

99
Q

– competes with ferredoxin acceptors of PS I

A

paraquat

100
Q

ATP synthesis during the light reactions is known as –

A

photophosphorylation

101
Q

photophosphorylation occur via – mechanism

A

chemiosmotic

102
Q

the accumulation of H+ in the lumen (i.e. acidification of the lumen) creates a chemical and electric gradient known as the – force

A

proton-motive

103
Q

main light harvesting pigments for photosynthesis

A

chlorophylls

104
Q

integral membrane proteins are – arranged in the membranes (they have a unique orientation)

A

asymmetrically

105
Q

every year about – tons of CO2 are converted to biomass via photosynthesis

A

200 billion

106
Q

starch

A

storage

107
Q

sucrose

A

transport of energy

108
Q

sucrose is a disaccharide composed of

A

fructose and glucose

109
Q

generation of UDP glucose requires

A

UTP

110
Q

starch is a – of glucose

A

polymer

111
Q

generation of ADP-glucose requires

A

ATP

112
Q

during the day, the – will drive the synthesis and storage of starch

A

accumulation of sucrose

113
Q

at night, starch is broken down into sugars in the chloroplasts and sugars are exported out of the chloroplast for –

A

sucrose production

114
Q

these of ATP as an activator of starch synthesis and UTP as an activator of sucrose synthesis keeps these reactions

A

compartmentalized

115
Q

starch and sucrose synthesis can be activated and deactivated –

A

separately

116
Q

during the – both sucrose and starch synthesis can occur

A

day

117
Q

which synthesis occurs most depends on the – from the cell due to phloem transport

A

sucrose depleted

118
Q

buildup of – in the cell will drive starch production

A

sucrose

119
Q

during night, – synthesis is inhibited

A

starch

120
Q

during –, starch breakdown occurs and sucrose production continues

A

night

121
Q

many cells grow at –

A

night

122
Q

growing cells utilize sugars derived from sucrose in the –

A

phloem

EEB 162 (17 decks)

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