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Phys20008 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

External respiration refers to all transport and exchange of O2 and CO2 but not _____ reaction of O2 to produce CO2

A

Intracellular

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2
Q

The ____ ___ encloses the lung and keeps it inflated by being a ____ pressure inside the pleural cavity/within the pleural sac

A

Pleural sac

Lower

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3
Q

The pleural cavity pressure is also known as

A

Intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure

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4
Q

Lung pressure is also known as ____ ___

A

Intra-alveolar/intrapulmonary pressure

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5
Q

The ______ pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (760mm Hg at sea level)

A

Intra-alveolar

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6
Q

_____ pressure is less than the intra-alveolar pressure so that the lungs can be inflated

A

Intrapleural

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7
Q

Across the lung wall and the pleural membrane, the transmural pressure gradient is equal to

A

Intra-alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

(intrapleural pressure is always after the -)

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8
Q

In pneumothorax, the pleural sac is punctured, leading to a _____ of the transmural pressure gradient

A

loss

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9
Q

During inspiration, a gradient is created between the ____ pressure and the atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure drops

A

Alveolar

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10
Q

During expiration, the alveolar pressure is greater than the ____ pressure

A

Atmospheric

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11
Q

During inspiration, at the point where the greatest amount of air is moved into the lung, the alveolar pressure _____ to match the atmospheric pressure again

A

rises

(Point where there is no air moving in or out of the lung)

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12
Q

During normal inspiration, the diaphragm, external intercostals and scalenes (to a lesser extent) are recruited. In forced inspiration the _______ and the ______ are activated more.

A

Scalenes

Sternocleidomastoids

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13
Q

Expiration is normally passive but during forced expiration __________ and ________ are recruited

A

Internal intercostals

Abdominals

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14
Q

Ventilation is under the control of the ____ and the ______

A

Medulla

Pons

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15
Q

The cross sectional area of the lower airways is ___ than the upper airway

A

higher

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16
Q

Airway resistance is affected directly by length and viscosity of air but has an ____ relationship with radius

A

inverse

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17
Q

The diameter of the upper airways is prone to ____ obstruction by mucous

A

physical

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18
Q

The bronchioles are prone to bronchoconstriction which is controlled by _______ neurons (muscarinic receptors) and histamines

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q

Bronchioles can bronchodilate in the presence of _________ which affects β2 receptors and CO2

A

Epinephrine

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20
Q

The work of breathing is affected by airway resistance and _______ ________

A

lung compliance

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21
Q

The ability of the lung to stretch is lung _____

A

compliance

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22
Q

Lung elastance refers to the lungs ability to _____ ____ when stretched

A

spring back

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23
Q

Diseases such as ____ affect the lung compliance/ability to stretch

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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24
Q

Lung elastance is affected adversely by ____

A

Emphysema

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25
Q

Alveoli are lined by water on the inside, which have surface tension and ____ alveoli expansion

A

Resist

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26
Q

The Law of LaPlace states that for two bubbles of the same surface tension, the ____ one will have a higher inwards pressure

A

Smaller

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27
Q

Surfactant is more concentrated in _____ alveoli and acts to disrupt the _____ forces of water and replaces water to decrease surface tension of alveoli

A

smaller

cohesive

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28
Q

Alveoli interdependence is the coupling of surrounding alveoli which pull on _____ alveoli to keep them open

A

collapsing

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29
Q

Obstructive lung diseases narrow the ___ airways and increase airway resistance making it more difficult to _____

A

Lower

Expire

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30
Q

Obstructive lung diseases include

A

Asthma

Emphysema

Chronic bronchitis

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31
Q

Restrictive lung diseases _____ lung compliance and makes it difficult to _____ the lung

A

Decrease

Inflate

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32
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis is an example of a ______ lung disease

A

Restrictive

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

______ are sums of 2 or more volumes

A

Capacities

35
Q

The vital capacity is the total lung capacity - ________

A

Residual volume

36
Q

Functional residual capacity is the sum of

A

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

37
Q
A
38
Q

Residual volume and functional residual capacity can be ______ by the helium dilution method

A

Estimated

39
Q

The forced expiratory volume after one second is normally 80% of the __________ capacity

A

Forced vital

40
Q

The ratio of FEV1/FVC tells us the rate at which air can be moved in and out and is an indicator of ______ lung disease when the ratio is _____

A

Obstructive

lower

(These diseases relate to ability to exhale)

41
Q

Residual volume increases when there is a(n) _______ lung disease as less volume is able to be cleared (decrease in ___ and thus vital capacity). On the graph, ERV has receded upwards and the amount it has decreased by contributes to added residual volume.

The _____ ____ capacity is unaffected

A

obstructive

ERV

total lung

42
Q

A restrictive lung disease affects the _____ _____ volume as it restricts ______. This lowers the _____ capacity and the _____ ____ volume.

_____ volume is unaffected.

A

Inspiratory reserve

Inhalation

Vital

Total lung

43
Q

The ____ airways such as the Trachea and ____ are known as Anatomical Dead Space.

A

Conducting

Bronchi

44
Q

Of the 500ml in the tidal volume, only 350mL makes it to the ______, and for every breath, 150 mL is wasted either filling the dead space (fresh air) or the lung (stale air)

A

Alveoli

45
Q

Minute ventilation (Ve)= ? x ?

It is normally _L/min but can increase to 160L/min in maximal exercise

A

Tidal volume x frequency of ventilation

6

46
Q

Alveolar ventilation (Va) = (?-?) x ?

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x frequency

47
Q

Alveolar ventilation is increased more efficiently by increasing tidal volume rather than frequency because ______ is fixed

A

Dead space

48
Q

Gas exchange occurs at Type _ alveolar cells

A

I

49
Q

Type II alveolar cells synthesize _____

A

Surfactant

50
Q

Pulmonary oedema results in build up of IS fluid in the lung and increases the distance between the _____ and the ______ so that exchange is hindered

A

Capillary

Alveolus

51
Q

Pulmonary circulation pressure must be low so ______ pressure does not filter fluid out of the capillary into the IS fluid and increase the distance between alveoli and their capillaries

A

hydrostatic

52
Q

In ventilation perfusion matching, capillaries must balance the receiving of oxygen depending on the delivery from the alveolus. Thus, when there is a reduction in supply of oxygen from the alveolus, the capillary will _____ to maintain an efficient system as a whole

A

constrict

(other capillaries are dilated where there is greater oxygen supply)

53
Q

When ventilation is greater than perfusion, low ___ causes constriction of airways and an increase of airway resistance to decrease airflow and higher ___ dilates blood vessels to decrease vascular resistance an dincrease blood flow.

A

CO2

O2

54
Q

_____ ____ can displace the partial pressures of gases at higher humidity

A

Water vapour

55
Q

At normal alveolar ventilation (4.2L/min), in the alveoli, PO2=? and PCO2=?

A

160mm Hg

40mm Hg

56
Q

Gas movement depends on what three factors?

A

Pressure gradient

Solubility

Temperature

57
Q

Hemoglobin is normally __% saturated with oxygen at normal PO2

A

98

58
Q

Hemoglobin will ____ oxygen to a resting cell where the PO2 is low and its oxygen saturation ____

A

Give

Drops

59
Q

Hemoglobin is ____ at the alveoli

A

saturated

60
Q

When pH is lower the Hb affinity curve shifts to the ___ and is more likely to ____ oxygen as it has a lower affinity for oxygen

A

Right

Donate

61
Q

The Hb affinity curve also shifts right (more ready to donate oxygen at lower PO2 ) for increased ____ and ____

A

temperature

PCO2

62
Q

2,3-DPG is produced during _____ metabolism (glycolysis) and binds to red blood cells

A

anaerobic

63
Q

The presence of 2,3-DPG shifts the Hb affinity curve to the right, decreasing the affinity for O2 as it binds to __ and partially saturates it even when it gets back to the ___

A

RBC

Lung

64
Q

CO2 is more soluble than O2 and thus is more dissolved in blood ____

A

plasma

65
Q

The majority of CO2 is carried by ___ and is about 23% saturated

A

Hb

66
Q

__ ions are bound to Hb as they are the product of carbonic anhydrase acting on CO2 and H20 inside the Hb

A

H+

67
Q

CO2 dissociates from Hb at the ____ after being carried from the venous blood

A

Alveoli

68
Q

Ventilation is normally regulated by ___ as this also regulates pH and is sensed by ____ chemoreceptors and carotid and aortic chemoreceptors less so

A

CO2

Medullary

69
Q

Normally, central chemoreceptors sense and regulate ventilation. It is not until oxygen falls below ___ that peripheral (carotid and aortic) chemoreceptors are activated to increase ventilation

A

60mm Hg

70
Q

When O2 levels drop and peripheral chemoreceptors increase ventilation, __ is no longer controlled

A

pH

71
Q

Central chemoreceptors are activated by ___ and __ as CO2 is converted by CA in CSF into H+

A

H+

CO2

72
Q

In high altitude, PCO2 and PO2 have dropped as atmospheric pressure has dropped which means ventilation must ____ and ____ chemoreceptors are stimulated and pH is no longer regulated

A

Increase

Peripheral

73
Q

Respiratory ____ occurs at high altitude because __ production has not increased but ventilation has, leading to a drop in its levels and ___ in pH

A

Alkalosis

CO2

Increase

74
Q

2,3-DPG compounds the issue of low oxygen at high altitude because it is produced in the presence of low oxygen and ___ the affinity and the saturation of Hb with O2

A

lowers

75
Q

RBC production increases to increase oxygen carrying capacity at ____ altitude

A

high

76
Q

Extra capillaries are produced at high altitude so that there less _____ for diffusion to occur to reach cells

A

distance

77
Q

Nitric oxide is a ____ which is produced at high altitude

A

Vasodilator

78
Q

When exercise begins, ___ has not matched the oxygen consumption and this is oxygen ___

A

Ventilation

Deficit

79
Q

Oxygen deficit is repaid during ___ post-exercise oxygen ____

A

Excess

Consumption

80
Q

Arterial PO2 during exercise does not change because Hb is ____ at the lungs

A

Saturated

81
Q

Metabolic byproducts like ____ acid lower ____ pH, stimulating ___ chemoreceptors to increase ventilation, thus arterial PCO2 ___

A

Lactic

Arterial

Central

Decreases

82
Q

For the majority of exercise ___ remains constant as it is used to control ventilation. It is not until metabolic byproducts are formed which takeover pH and thus ventilation control that __ drops

A

PCO2

PCO2

83
Q

There is a _____ response in anticipation of exercise

A

feedforward

84
Q

For normal persons, the ____ system is the limiting factor to exercise as delivery to cells depends on circulation

A

Cardiovasular

Phys20008 (8 decks)

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