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Phys20008 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

External respiration refers to all transport and exchange of O2 and CO2 but not _____ reaction of O2 to produce CO2

A

Intracellular

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2
Q

The ____ ___ encloses the lung and keeps it inflated by being a ____ pressure inside the pleural cavity/within the pleural sac

A

Pleural sac

Lower

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3
Q

The pleural cavity pressure is also known as

A

Intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure

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4
Q

Lung pressure is also known as ____ ___

A

Intra-alveolar/intrapulmonary pressure

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5
Q

The ______ pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (760mm Hg at sea level)

A

Intra-alveolar

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6
Q

_____ pressure is less than the intra-alveolar pressure so that the lungs can be inflated

A

Intrapleural

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7
Q

Across the lung wall and the pleural membrane, the transmural pressure gradient is equal to

A

Intra-alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

(intrapleural pressure is always after the -)

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8
Q

In pneumothorax, the pleural sac is punctured, leading to a _____ of the transmural pressure gradient

A

loss

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9
Q

During inspiration, a gradient is created between the ____ pressure and the atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure drops

A

Alveolar

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10
Q

During expiration, the alveolar pressure is greater than the ____ pressure

A

Atmospheric

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11
Q

During inspiration, at the point where the greatest amount of air is moved into the lung, the alveolar pressure _____ to match the atmospheric pressure again

A

rises

(Point where there is no air moving in or out of the lung)

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12
Q

During normal inspiration, the diaphragm, external intercostals and scalenes (to a lesser extent) are recruited. In forced inspiration the _______ and the ______ are activated more.

A

Scalenes

Sternocleidomastoids

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13
Q

Expiration is normally passive but during forced expiration __________ and ________ are recruited

A

Internal intercostals

Abdominals

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14
Q

Ventilation is under the control of the ____ and the ______

A

Medulla

Pons

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15
Q

The cross sectional area of the lower airways is ___ than the upper airway

A

higher

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16
Q

Airway resistance is affected directly by length and viscosity of air but has an ____ relationship with radius

A

inverse

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17
Q

The diameter of the upper airways is prone to ____ obstruction by mucous

A

physical

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18
Q

The bronchioles are prone to bronchoconstriction which is controlled by _______ neurons (muscarinic receptors) and histamines

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q

Bronchioles can bronchodilate in the presence of _________ which affects β2 receptors and CO2

A

Epinephrine

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20
Q

The work of breathing is affected by airway resistance and _______ ________

A

lung compliance

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21
Q

The ability of the lung to stretch is lung _____

A

compliance

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22
Q

Lung elastance refers to the lungs ability to _____ ____ when stretched

A

spring back

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23
Q

Diseases such as ____ affect the lung compliance/ability to stretch

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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24
Q

Lung elastance is affected adversely by ____

A

Emphysema

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25
Alveoli are lined by water on the inside, which have surface tension and ____ alveoli expansion
Resist
26
The Law of LaPlace states that for two bubbles of the same surface tension, the ____ one will have a higher inwards pressure
Smaller
27
Surfactant is more concentrated in _____ alveoli and acts to disrupt the _____ forces of water and replaces water to decrease surface tension of alveoli
smaller cohesive
28
Alveoli interdependence is the coupling of surrounding alveoli which pull on _____ alveoli to keep them open
collapsing
29
Obstructive lung diseases narrow the ___ airways and increase airway resistance making it more difficult to \_\_\_\_\_
Lower Expire
30
Obstructive lung diseases include
Asthma Emphysema Chronic bronchitis
31
Restrictive lung diseases _____ lung compliance and makes it difficult to _____ the lung
Decrease Inflate
32
Pulmonary fibrosis is an example of a ______ lung disease
Restrictive
33
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are sums of 2 or more volumes
Capacities
35
The vital capacity is the total lung capacity - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Residual volume
36
Functional residual capacity is the sum of
Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
37
38
Residual volume and functional residual capacity can be ______ by the helium dilution method
Estimated
39
The forced expiratory volume after one second is normally 80% of the __________ capacity
Forced vital
40
The ratio of FEV1/FVC tells us the rate at which air can be moved in and out and is an indicator of ______ lung disease when the ratio is \_\_\_\_\_
Obstructive lower (These diseases relate to ability to exhale)
41
Residual volume increases when there is a(n) _______ lung disease as less volume is able to be cleared (decrease in ___ and thus vital capacity). On the graph, ERV has receded upwards and the amount it has decreased by contributes to added residual volume. The _____ \_\_\_\_ capacity is unaffected
obstructive ERV total lung
42
A restrictive lung disease affects the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ volume as it restricts \_\_\_\_\_\_. This lowers the _____ capacity and the _____ \_\_\_\_ volume. \_\_\_\_\_ volume is unaffected.
Inspiratory reserve Inhalation Vital Total lung
43
The ____ airways such as the Trachea and ____ are known as Anatomical Dead Space.
Conducting Bronchi
44
Of the 500ml in the tidal volume, only 350mL makes it to the \_\_\_\_\_\_, and for every breath, 150 mL is wasted either filling the dead space (fresh air) or the lung (stale air)
Alveoli
45
Minute ventilation (Ve)= ? x ? It is normally \_L/min but can increase to 160L/min in maximal exercise
Tidal volume x frequency of ventilation 6
46
Alveolar ventilation (Va) = (?-?) x ?
(tidal volume - dead space) x frequency
47
Alveolar ventilation is increased more efficiently by increasing tidal volume rather than frequency because ______ is fixed
Dead space
48
Gas exchange occurs at Type _ alveolar cells
I
49
Type II alveolar cells synthesize \_\_\_\_\_
Surfactant
50
Pulmonary oedema results in build up of IS fluid in the lung and increases the distance between the _____ and the ______ so that exchange is hindered
Capillary Alveolus
51
Pulmonary circulation pressure must be low so ______ pressure does not filter fluid out of the capillary into the IS fluid and increase the distance between alveoli and their capillaries
hydrostatic
52
In ventilation perfusion matching, capillaries must balance the receiving of oxygen depending on the delivery from the alveolus. Thus, when there is a reduction in supply of oxygen from the alveolus, the capillary will _____ to maintain an efficient system as a whole
constrict (other capillaries are dilated where there is greater oxygen supply)
53
When ventilation is greater than perfusion, low ___ causes constriction of airways and an increase of airway resistance to decrease airflow and higher ___ dilates blood vessels to decrease vascular resistance an dincrease blood flow.
CO2 O2
54
\_\_\_\_\_ ____ can displace the partial pressures of gases at higher humidity
Water vapour
55
At normal alveolar ventilation (4.2L/min), in the alveoli, PO2=? and PCO2=?
160mm Hg 40mm Hg
56
Gas movement depends on what three factors?
Pressure gradient Solubility Temperature
57
Hemoglobin is normally \_\_% saturated with oxygen at normal PO2
98
58
Hemoglobin will ____ oxygen to a resting cell where the PO2 is low and its oxygen saturation \_\_\_\_
Give Drops
59
Hemoglobin is ____ at the alveoli
saturated
60
When pH is lower the Hb affinity curve shifts to the ___ and is more likely to ____ oxygen as it has a lower affinity for oxygen
Right Donate
61
The Hb affinity curve also shifts right (more ready to donate oxygen at lower PO2 ) for increased ____ and \_\_\_\_
temperature PCO2
62
2,3-DPG is produced during _____ metabolism (glycolysis) and binds to red blood cells
anaerobic
63
The presence of 2,3-DPG shifts the Hb affinity curve to the right, decreasing the affinity for O2 as it binds to __ and partially saturates it even when it gets back to the \_\_\_
RBC Lung
64
CO2 is more soluble than O2 and thus is more dissolved in blood \_\_\_\_
plasma
65
The majority of CO2 is carried by ___ and is about 23% saturated
Hb
66
\_\_ ions are bound to Hb as they are the product of carbonic anhydrase acting on CO2 and H20 inside the Hb
H+
67
CO2 dissociates from Hb at the ____ after being carried from the venous blood
Alveoli
68
Ventilation is normally regulated by ___ as this also regulates pH and is sensed by ____ chemoreceptors and carotid and aortic chemoreceptors less so
CO2 Medullary
69
Normally, central chemoreceptors sense and regulate ventilation. It is not until oxygen falls below ___ that peripheral (carotid and aortic) chemoreceptors are activated to increase ventilation
60mm Hg
70
When O2 levels drop and peripheral chemoreceptors increase ventilation, __ is no longer controlled
pH
71
Central chemoreceptors are activated by ___ and __ as CO2 is converted by CA in CSF into H+
H+ CO2
72
In high altitude, PCO2 and PO2 have dropped as atmospheric pressure has dropped which means ventilation must ____ and ____ chemoreceptors are stimulated and pH is no longer regulated
Increase Peripheral
73
Respiratory ____ occurs at high altitude because __ production has not increased but ventilation has, leading to a drop in its levels and ___ in pH
Alkalosis CO2 Increase
74
2,3-DPG compounds the issue of low oxygen at high altitude because it is produced in the presence of low oxygen and ___ the affinity and the saturation of Hb with O2
lowers
75
RBC production increases to increase oxygen carrying capacity at ____ altitude
high
76
Extra capillaries are produced at high altitude so that there less _____ for diffusion to occur to reach cells
distance
77
Nitric oxide is a ____ which is produced at high altitude
Vasodilator
78
When exercise begins, ___ has not matched the oxygen consumption and this is oxygen \_\_\_
Ventilation Deficit
79
Oxygen deficit is repaid during ___ post-exercise oxygen \_\_\_\_
Excess Consumption
80
Arterial PO2 during exercise does not change because Hb is ____ at the lungs
Saturated
81
Metabolic byproducts like ____ acid lower ____ pH, stimulating ___ chemoreceptors to increase ventilation, thus arterial PCO2 \_\_\_
Lactic Arterial Central Decreases
82
For the majority of exercise ___ remains constant as it is used to control ventilation. It is not until metabolic byproducts are formed which takeover pH and thus ventilation control that __ drops
PCO2 PCO2
83
There is a _____ response in anticipation of exercise
feedforward
84
For normal persons, the ____ system is the limiting factor to exercise as delivery to cells depends on circulation
Cardiovasular

Phys20008 (8 decks)

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