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Phys20008 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract from superficial to deep?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

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2
Q

What are the four layers of the mucosa of the digestive tract?

A

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosae

Modifications

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3
Q

What nerve supplies the submucosa?

A

Submucosal plexus

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4
Q

What nerve supplies the muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric plexus

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5
Q

What kind of contractions do sphincters normally perform?

A

Tonic (sustained) contractions

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6
Q

What kind of phasic contraction patterns are there?

A

Peristaltic (propulsive)

Segmental (mixing, non propulsive)

Migrating motor complex (sweeps food remnants out of Upper GI tract)

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7
Q

In what state (fasted/fed) does the migrating motor complex appear?

A

Fasted

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8
Q

What are the long reflexes in the digestive system controlled by?

A

CNS

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9
Q

Where are the short reflexes integrated?

A

ENS

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10
Q

The upper GIT consists of?

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus

Stomach

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11
Q

What part of the brain signals to the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron in the vagus nerve?

A

Medulla oblongata

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12
Q

What enzymes are contained in saliva?

A

Amylase

Some lipase

Lysozyme (breaks down bacteria)

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13
Q

During the swallowing reflex, what structure does the epiglottis close over?

A

Pharynx

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14
Q

What sphincter relaxes to allow food into the stomach?

A

Gastro-esophageal sphincter

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15
Q

Which part of the stomach performs digestion?

A

Antrum

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16
Q

Peristaltic contractions digest food in the antrum by pushing up against what?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

What factors from within the duodenum decrease gastric emptying/motility?

A

Increased fat presence

Increased acid presence

Increased volume of chyme

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18
Q

What factors from within the stomach increase motility/empyting rate?

A

Increased volume of chyme

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19
Q

The mucous neck cells of the gastric gland secretes what substances?

A

Mucus

Bicarbonate (buffers gastric acid)

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20
Q

What do chief cells release that are activated by gastric acid and what is the active form called?

A

Pepsinogen (inactive)

Pepsin (active state digests proteins)

21
Q

What cell releases acid and what are its stimuli?

A

Parietal/oxyntic cell

Acetylcholine, gastrin and histamine

22
Q

What cell releases histamine to stimulate parietal cells to release acid?

A

ECL cells

23
Q

What do G cells release that stimulates ECL cells and parietal cells?

A

Gastrin

24
Q

What cells are stimulated by acid in the stomach to release somatostatin?

A

D cells

25
Q

What does somatostatin regulate?

A

Acid secretion

26
Q

In a parietal cell, H+ is exchanged by an ATP pump into the lumen of the stomach for what ion?

A

K+

27
Q

What ion follows the H+ from the interstitial fluid by an exchange with HCO3-, through the parietal cell and into the lumen of the stomach via a leak channel to make acid??

A

Cl-

28
Q

What is the first cell in the gastric phase to initiate the cascade of events to produce acid?

A

G cells

29
Q

What cells does the vagus nerve stimulate in the gastric phase?

A

G cells

ECL cells

Parietal cells

30
Q

What hormones are released by the small intestine in response to carbohydrate presence?

A

GIP

GLP-1

(Both stimulate insulin release from pancreas)

31
Q

What stimulates the release of CCK from the small intestine to activate pancreatic enzyme secretion and gall bladder contraction?

A

Fats

Proteins

32
Q

What hormone is involved in the negative feedback loop to regulate acid by release of pancreatic bicarbonate?

A

Secretin

33
Q

The liver first encounters the blood which has absorbed nutrients from the digestive tract through what vessel?

A

Hepatic portal vein

34
Q

What endocrines does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin - fed state

Glucagon - fasted state

35
Q

What exocrines does the pancreas release?

A

Inactive proteases

Active amylase

Active lipase

36
Q

After being broken down into disaccharides by amylase from the saliva and pancreas, where are disaccharides broken down and by what?

A

Intestinal brush border

Maltase, sucrase, lactase

37
Q

What two monosaccharides are cotransported with Na+ in order to be absorbed?

A

Glucose

Galactose

38
Q

What monosaccharide has its own transporter in order for it to be absorbed?

A

Fructose

39
Q

Di/tripeptides cotransport with what to be absorbed into the blood on the basolateral side of the intestinal brush border?

A

H+

40
Q

What do amino acids cotransport with to be absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

Na+

41
Q

What process allows small peptides to be carried across the enterocytes to the bloodstream?

A

Transcytosis

42
Q

What transport occurs at the apical side of the brush border in protein absorption?

A

Cotransportation

43
Q

What transport occurs at the basolateral side of the brush border in protein absorption?

A

Antiporting

44
Q

What kind of digestion do bile salts perform in emulsification?

A

Mechanical

45
Q

Colipase opens up bile salt coated fat droplets to allow what to move into the centre of the fat droplet to digest it?

A

Lipase

46
Q

Where are fat globules absorbed into first before entering the bloodstream?

A

Lymphatic system

47
Q

When water is held in the lumen of the small intestine and reabsorption of solutes does not occur, what kind of diarrhoea occurs?

A

Osmotic diarrhoea

48
Q

Secretory diarrhoea relies on secretion of what ion to draw water into the lumen of the small intestine to flush out toxins?

A

Cl-

Phys20008 (8 decks)

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