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Phys20008 > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What substances are grater in concentration in urine than plasma?

A

K+
PO43-

Urea

Creatinine

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2
Q

What substances are greater in concentration in blood than urine?

A

HCO3-

Glucose

Albumin

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3
Q

Volume gain of body fluid is passed as?

A

Urine

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4
Q

What is the kidneys’ response to high blood volume and pressure?

A

Excrete salts and water

ECF, ICF volume falls
BP drops

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5
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for regulation of water balance?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What are some effects of low water volume in the body?

A

Decreased blood volume

Decreased BP

High osmolarity

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7
Q

Which part of which gland releases vasopressin/ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary

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8
Q

What influences the production of vasopressin more, ECF volume or osmolarity?

A

Osmolarity

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9
Q

Where does reabsorption occur along a kidney tubule?

A

From the proximal tubule onwards to the collecting duct

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10
Q

Where along the nephron does secretion occur?

A

Proximal tubule

Distal tubule

Collecting duct

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11
Q

Where does excretion occur along a nephron?

A

In the collecting duct

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12
Q

What is the equation for the net solute excreted?

A

E=F-R+S

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13
Q

What cells contract to alter filtration rate in glomerular capillaries?

A

Mesangial cells

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14
Q

What processes surround glomerular capillaries to increase filtration rate?

A

Podocyte foot processes

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15
Q

What is the order of filtration out of a glomerular capillary?

A

Fenestrated capillary, basal lamina, filtration slits

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16
Q

What happens to GFR when the afferent arteriole is constricted?

A

Decreased

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17
Q

What is the range of MAP for which autoregulation maintains a constant GFR?

A

80-180 mm Hg

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18
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback is an autoregulation system of GFR involving the macula densa cells in the distal tubule sensing increased flow and then releasing what to constrict the afferent/efferent arteriole?

A

A paracrine

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19
Q

What are the units of clearance?

A

mL/min

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20
Q

What is the equation for clearance?

A

Clearance (X)= Excretion rate (X) mg/min / [X] mg/ml

21
Q

What is the main transport process that occurs at the proximal tubule?

A

Bulk reabsorption

22
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs in what two ways?

A

Transepithelial (active transport through cells)

Paracellular (between cells)

23
Q

In tubular reabsorption, Na+ is actively transported from the lumen to the ECF through the tubular epithelium. What pathway is this?

A

Transepithelial

24
Q

Anions cross the tubular epithelium after Na+ is actively transported to the ECF and then water follows. What are the last things to be reabsorbed and how?

A

Permeable solutes

Diffusion through membrane transporters

or through paracellular pathway

25
Q

In reabsorption in the proximal tubule, Na+ is transported down its electrochemical gradient from the lumen to the cell by _____ and then into the IS fluid by ______

A

ENaC

Na+ K+ ATP-ase

26
Q

Glucose follows the Na+ path to reabsorption by what two proteins?

A

SGLT (lumen to epithelial cell)

GLUT (epithelial cell to IS fluid)

27
Q

When K+ is pumped into the cell in exchange for Na+, how does it re-establish its concentration in the IS fluid?

A

Moving across a leak channel

28
Q

Renal threshold is the plasma concentration at which _____ occurs and the transport maximum is the transport rate at this point onwards

A

Saturation

29
Q

What is the normal range of plasma glucose?

A

100-200mg/100ml plasma

30
Q

When does glucose excretion begin?

A

When the renal threshold is reached (300mg/100ml plasma glucose)

31
Q

In potassium secretion in the distal nephron, K+ moves from the peritubular capillary, through the IS fluid and into the cell via _____ and then _____ through leak channels into the lumen

A

Na+ K+ ATP-ase

diffuses

32
Q

In the proximal tubule, hydrogen is secreted into the lumen by exchange with ____ and combines with filtered HCO3- to make CO2 which can diffuse into the cell. Inside the cell, CO2 combines with water and carbonic anhydrase to form H+ and HCO3-.

HCO3- is then reabsorbed along with ____ .

A

Na+

Na+

33
Q

In the collecting duct, H+ is secreted by moving from the ________ into the cell and then into the lumen while ____ and ____ are reabsorbed into the IS space

A

IS space

K+ and HCO3-

34
Q

What two factors stimulate Granular cells in the afferent arteriole to produce renin?

A

Sympathetic activity from decreased blood pressure

Paracrines from the macula densa from decreased GFR

35
Q

What is the function of renin?

A

Converts angiotensinogen (ANG) to ANG1

36
Q

What enzyme converts ANG1 to ANG2?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

37
Q

When there is a drop in BP, what parts of the brain does ANG 2 coordinate with?

A

Medulla oblongata (increase CV output)

Hypothalamus (Increase ADH production and thirst)

Adrenal cortex (increase Aldosterone production)

38
Q

What is the ultimate pupose of aldosterone and what cells does it act on??

A

Increase Na+ reabsorption and thus blood volume

K+ secretion

Principal cells in distal nephron

39
Q

Natriuretic peptides are released in response to _____ blood volume

A

incerased

40
Q

Nautriuretic peptides has the opposite effect of aldosterone in that it decreases ____ reabsorption and thus increases ____ excretion and decreases blood pressure.

A

Na+

Water

(Also tells hypothalamus to produce less ADH

and adrenal cortex to produce less aldosterone)

41
Q

Although aldosterone serves to increase Na+ reabsorption and thus water reabsorption, why is its release inhibited during severe dehydration?

A

Osmolarity is already extremely high

Osmolarity must be kept in narrow range

Do not want more Na+ uptake

42
Q

What is the sympathetic response to dehydration?

A

Constriction of afferent arteriole

Lowers GFR and maintains blood volume

43
Q

In the descending loop of Henle, what is reabosrbed?

A

Water

44
Q

In the ascending loop of Henle, what is reabsorbed?

A

Ions

45
Q

For the countercurrent multiplier, what is the osmolarity gradient established by the ion pumps in the ascending loop of Henle?

A

200 mOsm

46
Q

Filtrate in the descending loop of Henle will equilibrate with the IS fluid by ____ moving out passively.

A

Water

(IS fluid osmolarity does not change from this)

47
Q

What factors maintains the high osmolarity in the medulla interstitium of the kidney?

A

Urea

(makes up almost 50% of solutes in medulla)

Vasa recta/peritubular capillaries takes up water as well

48
Q

What is the first step in insertion of Aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane of the collecting duct from exocytosis of storage vesicles?

A

Vasopressin binds to surface receptor

Phys20008 (8 decks)

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