ANS , Endocrine System And Glucose Homeostasis

Question 1

What part(s) of the brain is/are associated with the ANS?

Answer 1

Pons

Medulla
(Lower centres of thinking, primitive/intrinsic responses)

Question 2

What nerve controls the majority of the organs?

Answer 2

Vagus nerve

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

What neurotransmitter is used in parasympathetic postganglionic terminals as opposed to norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 4

Acetycholine

Question 5

Acetylcholine is used as a neurotransmitter in both the SNS and PNS in preganglionic terminals, what receptor does it act on?

Answer 5

Nicotinic receptors

Question 6

What is the receptor for ACh (from the postganglonic parasympathetic terminal) in the target tissue?

Answer 6

Muscarinic receptors

Question 7

What receptors are on the target tissue for the SNS?

Answer 7

Adrenergic receptors

Question 8

What neurons stimulates the release of adrenaline from the adrenal gland?

Answer 8

Sympathetic preganglionic

Question 9

What is the effect of α1 and ß1 receptors on their target tissue?

Answer 9

Stimulation

α1 - blood vessels of smooth muscle

ß1 - heart

Question 10

What neurotransmitter/endocrine acts on α receptors most strongly?

Answer 10

Norepineprhine/noradrenaline

Question 11

What kind of receptors are most common of α and ß?

Answer 11

α

Question 12

What receptor responds to both noradrenaline and adrenaline equally?

Answer 12

ß1 receptors

Question 13

What receptor responds most strongly to adrenaline?

Answer 13

ß2 receptors

Question 14

What division of the ANS contains adrenergic receptors?

Answer 14

Sympathetic

Question 15

What target tissue do α2 and ß2 receptors inhibit?

Answer 15

α2 - gut and pancreas

ß2 - blood vessels of heart, liver, skeletal muscle and bronchiole smooth muscle

Question 16

What controls a generalised sympathetic response?

Answer 16

Hypothalamus

Question 17

What is different between an exocrine and an endocrine?

Answer 17

An exocrine is released into a duct then lumen of an organ

An endocrine is released into the blood

Question 18

What are characteristics of a steroid hormone?

Answer 18

Insoluble

Long half-life

Diffuses or binds to cell membrane, nucleus or cytoplasmic receptor

Slow response

Question 19

What are characteristics of protein hormones?

Answer 19

Soluble

Short half-life

Binds to receptor on cell membrane

Rapid response

Question 20

The catabolic state takes ___ components and converts it to ____

Answer 20

Cellular

Energy

Question 21

Insulin is secreted pancreatic ___ cells

Answer 21

Beta

Question 22

____ spikes before a meal and insulin spikes after

Answer 22

Glucagon

Question 23

Excess glucose undergoes ___ to form glycogen or is passed as urine

in ___

Answer 23

Glycogenesis

Diabetics

Question 24

Fats are first broken down into ____ ___ acids and ____ and some is converted into fat stores by ___

Answer 24

Free fatty

Glycerol

Lipogenesis

Question 25

Amino acids can be converted into glucose by ____

Answer 25

Gluconeogenesis

Question 26

Insulin is a ____ hormone which binds to cell ___ receptor

Answer 26

Peptide

Surface

Question 27

Second messenger pathways affect ____ factors in the nucleus and transport activity on the cell surface

Answer 27

Transcription

Question 28

GLUT 1 - ___

GLUT 2 - Liver

GLUT 4 - _____ and adipose tissue

Answer 28

Brain

Muscle

Question 29

GLUT transporters are contained in ____ and are placed on the cell surface by exocytosis when ___ binds to the receptor

Answer 29

Vesicles

Insulin

Question 30

In the fasted state (without insulin), there are no ___ transporters in skeletal muscle

Answer 30

GLUT4

Question 31

In the fed state, glucose moves ___ the hepatocyte but moves __ in the fasted state by GLUT 2 transporters

Answer 31

Into

Out

Question 32

Diabetics are ____glycemic and do not have the ability to produce ____

Answer 32

Hyper

Insulin