Reproduction

Question 1

After birth, female primary oocytes may only undergo _____

Answer 1

Meiosis

Question 2

When do spermatogonia begin meiosis?

Answer 2

Puberty

Question 3

Where is GnRH released?

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

Question 4

What two important reproductive hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 4

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

Question 5

What cells release testosterone?

Answer 5

Leydig cells

Question 6

What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to release testosterone?

Answer 6

LH

Question 7

What do Sertoli cells produce that reduces the lipophilic nature of testosterone so that it stays in the testes?

Answer 7

Androgen binding protein (ABP)

Question 8

What neurotransmitter stimulates Sertoli cells to produce cell products to aid sperm production?

Answer 8

FSH

Question 9

What hormone is produced by Sertoli cells to regulate the negative feedback loop for FSH?

Answer 9

Inhibin

Question 10

What negative feedback effect does testosterone have on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Answer 10

Reduce GnRH release

Reduce LH release

Question 11

What are the two major layers of a follicle?

Answer 11

Theca (outer)

Granulosa cells (inner)

Question 12

What hormone is responsible for the recruitment of follicles?

Answer 12

FSH

Question 13

What mechanisms suppress recruitment of follicles?

Answer 13

Recruited follicles stopping further recruitment

Anti-Mullerian hormone
Estrogen negative feedback loop on FSH and GnRH at low levels

Question 14

What do thecal cells secrete which granulosa cells convert into estrogen?

Answer 14

Androgens

Question 15

Estrogen has a ______ feedback loop with granulosa cells to produce ____ of itself

Answer 15

Positive

More

Question 16

What is the phase of the menstrual cycle called when the follicles are finished recruiting, a follicle matures and there is a -ve FB on GnRH but +ve FB on granulosa cells due to estrogen?

Answer 16

Early to mid follicular phase

Question 17

In the late follicular and ovulation phase, estrogen has a ____ FB with GnRH (thus FSH and LH), but FSH is also _____ at the same time as Granulosa cells also release inhibin.

Answer 17

Positive

Inhibited

Question 18

What hormone is released during the late follicular/ovulation phase by granulosa cells which helps build the endometrial lining?

Answer 18

Progesterone

Question 19

What hormones does progesterone have a +ve FB with?

Answer 19

GnRH

LH (aids LH surge)

Question 20

During the LH surge, _____ is released, breaking down ______. Immune cells arrive to endocytose waste products and release ______.

This substance initiates contraction of the follicle so that ovulation occurs

Answer 20

Collagenase

Collagen

Prostaglandin

Question 21

The follicle matures into a _______ in the early to mid Luteal phase.

It secretes less ____ compared to before so the negative feedback loop returns but increases secretion of _________ and ______

Answer 21

Corpus Luteum

estrogen

progesterone

Inhibin

Question 22

In the late luteal phase when there is no pregnancy, the corpus luteum dies and levels of _____ and estrogen drop but ____ rises as new follicles develop.

Answer 22

Progesterone

FSH

Question 23

Where do the sperm and egg meet in the female?

Answer 23

Fallopian tube

Question 24

What is the process by which sperm is able to wriggle after interacting with cervical secretions?

Answer 24

Capacitation

Question 25

What is the outcome of the cortical reaction when the first and only sperm meets the egg?

Answer 25

A barrier is put up by the egg to prevent polyspermy

Question 26

What does the inner cell mass and outer cell mass develop into?

Answer 26

Inner cell mass - fetus Outer cell mass - placenta

Question 27

What are the burrowing structures of the zygote that allows implantation into the uterus?

Answer 27

Cords of trophoblastic cells

Question 28

The fetus' blood vessels are contained in _____ \_\_\_\_which are bathed in maternal blood in order to supply the fetus

Answer 28

Chorionic villi

Question 29

What hormone is released by the placenta to extend the life of corpus luteum so that progesterone maintains the endometrium until the placenta takes over progesterone production?

Answer 29

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Question 30

What structures does estrogen from the placenta prepare and develop?

Answer 30

Prepares myometrium for labour Develops breasts

Question 31

Where is oxytocin released?

Answer 31

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 32

During labour, what does estrogen break down that allows bones to separate?

Answer 32

Collagen

Question 33

Oxytocin directly affects uterine contractions and the release of what other substance from the uterine wall that aids contractions?

Answer 33

Prostaglandins

Question 34

What hormone-like substance is responsible for dilation of the cervix?

Answer 34

Prostaglandin

Question 35

Gap junctions between myometrial cells are increased as a result of estrogen. What effect does this have on uterus contraction?

Answer 35

Coordinated contraction

Question 36

Estrogen inserts extra _____ receptors in the myometrium to increase the responsiveness to low levels of the hormone

Answer 36

Oxytocin

Question 37

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is produced by the placenta nearing birth and interacts with the anterior pituitary of the fetus to produce ACTH which stimulates cortisol production. What does the cortisol induce release of?

Answer 37

Pulmonary surfactant