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Phys20008 > Neural Integration > Flashcards

Neural Integration Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Where is Na+ more concentrated?

A

ECF

(Na+ influx)

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3
Q

Where is K+ more concentrated?

A

ICF

(K+ efflux)

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4
Q

What is the determining factor of RMP?

A

Passive diffusion

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5
Q

Why is the RMP negative?

A

Cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+

More K+ moves out of the cell than Na+ moves in

RMP is closer to K+ equilibrium potential

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6
Q

When does the absolute refractory period occur?

A

During the period when the K+ channels are open

(2ms from when Na+ channels first open)

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7
Q

When does the relative refractory period occur?

A

when the K+ channel closes for ~2ms

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8
Q

What affects conduction velocity of an action potential?

A

Diameter of axon

Myelin

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9
Q

Where is neurotransmitter released?

A

Into the synaptic cleft

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10
Q

Why is it useful to have varying speeds of AP conduction?

A

Simultaneous convergence of signals from different locations

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11
Q

How do ionotropic receptors function and what do they interact with?

A

open upon contact with neurotransmitters

Allow ions to pass through

Typically excitatory receptors

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12
Q

How does GABA work?

A

GABA opens Cl- channels on the post synpatic cell

Cl- has Eq. potential of -70mv

Movement of Cl- into cell hyperpolarises membrane potential

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

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13
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is glycine?

A

Inhibitory

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14
Q

What kind of synapse relies on Ca2+ to continue transmitting an AP?

A

CNS/neuron to neuron

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15
Q

What interaction releases acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

A

Alpha motor neuron to skeletal muscle cell

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16
Q

What interaction releases glutamate and GABA as a neurotransmitter?

A

Neuron to neuron

17
Q

What receptors does acetylcholine act on?

A

Nicotinic

18
Q

What allows for the massive depolarisation of skeletal muscle cells?

A

Large amount of acetylcholine released

Large number of nicotinic receptors on post synaptic neuron

19
Q

What causes the falling phase of an AP?

A

K+ efflux

20
Q
A
21
Q

Convergence of neurons give what level of resolution?

A

Low

22
Q

What part of the brain controls the all senses other than smell?

A

Thalamus

23
Q

How is intensity of a stimulus coded?

A

Population coding

(as intensity increases, receptors of higher threshold recruited)

24
Q

What does frequency coding encode?

A

Intensity of stimulus given by AP frequency

Duration of stimulus given by duration of AP

25
Q

Where are photoreceptors located in the eye?

A

In the pigmented epithelium at the back of the retina

(Positioning and pigmentation ensures light is not bounced around)

26
Q

What kind of pathway do neurons have in the retina?

A

Convergent

27
Q

Why does the fovea have high resolution?

A

Neurons are pushed to the side

Light strikes the photoreceptors directly

1:1 ratio photoreceptor to ganglion cell

Only contains cones

28
Q

What functions do cones perform?

A

Daytime and colour vision

29
Q

What functions do rods perform?

A

Night/low light vision

30
Q

Why is it easier to see in low light in your peripheral vision?

A

There are no rods in the fovea

Rods are in the peripheral retina

31
Q

Are cones or rods greater in number?

A

Rods (20:1)

32
Q

What kinds of cones are there?

A

red, green, blue

33
Q

What do neurotransmitter do rods release tonically?

A

Glutamate

34
Q

Glutamate is normally an excitatory neurotransmitter, where does it act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Acts on bipolar neurons

(metabotropic glutamate receptors)

35
Q

What happens when light interacts with rhodopsin?

A

Na+ channel closes

Glutamate release halted

Bipolar cell no longer inhibited

Light is reported as an AP

36
Q

What allows glutamate to inhibit a bipolar cell?

A

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (metabotropic - alters function)

Receptor signals closing of cation channels

Hyperpolarizes cell membrane

No AP generated

Phys20008 (8 decks)

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