Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Which part of the ANS is the only one to influence vasodilation/constriction?

Answer 1

Sympathetic NS

Question 2

What effect helps arteries conserve the heart’s pumping efforts?

Answer 2

Recoil of elastic tissue

Question 3

What is oedema?

Answer 3

Build up of interstitial fluid from net filtration

Question 4

Hydrostatic pressure ____ as you move from arteries to veins while oncotic pressure ______.

Answer 4

drops

remains constant

Question 5

Initially hydrostatic pressure is ____ than oncotic pressure so there is net _____ at the arteries. It then ____ and there is net ____ at the veins

Answer 5

Higher, filtration

Drops, absorption

Question 6

The point where the ventricles contract but are not creating enough pressure to open the semilunar valves is called?

Answer 6

Isovolumic ventricular contraction

Question 7

At which two points in the cardiac cycle can the beating of the heart be heard?

Answer 7

First beat - Isovolumic contraction

Second beat - Isovolumic relaxation

(Occurs due to blood pushing against semilunar valves)

Question 8

In an ECG recording, what does the P wave represent?

Answer 8

Atrial depolarization

Question 9

In an ECG recording, when does ventricular depolarization occur?

Answer 9

During the QRS complex

Question 10

In an ECG recording, what does the T wave represent?

Answer 10

Ventricular repolarization

Question 11

What segment of the ECG recording would atrial contraction occur?

Answer 11

PQ or PR segment

Question 12

What segment of an ECG recording represents ventricular contraction?

Answer 12

QS segment

Question 13

What deviations can occur from normal ECG recordings?

Answer 13

Unusually high/low bpm

Irregular rhythm

lack of 1:1 ratio between P wave and QRS complex

Question 14

Pulse pressure is the difference between?

Answer 14

Max pressure exerted during systole

Min pressure during diastole

Question 15

What is the pulse pressure in capillaries?

Answer 15

0

Question 16

MAP=? x ?

Answer 16

Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance

Question 17

Cardiac output=? x ?

Answer 17

Heart rate x Stroke volume

Question 18

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by one ____ during a contraction. ie the difference between volume during the end of diastole and systole.

Answer 18

Ventricle

Question 19

When more blood fills the heart, the muscle fibres reach _____ length and this increases stroke volume as the force of contraction increases

Answer 19

Optimal

Question 20

Activation of _____ releases _____ increasing contractility and thus stroke volume

Answer 20

Sympathetic NS

Norepinephrine/noradrenaline

Question 21

A greater end diastolic volume increases the stroke volume, as SV is the difference betweeen EDV and ESV. What influences greater EDV?

Answer 21

EDV determined by venous return

Increasing activity of thoracic and skeletal muscle pump

Increasing tone of veins by SNS and circulating noradrenaline

Question 22

Stimulation from what neurotransmitter acts on β1 receptors of the SNS to speed up depolarization rate to increase heart rate?

Answer 22

Epinephrine/adrenaline

Question 23

What receptors in the PNS are involved slowing down depolarization rate and thus heart rate?

Answer 23

Muscarinic receptors

Question 24

Where are the baroreceptors which regulate BP?

Answer 24

Carotid sinus

Aortic arch

Question 25

What factors are involved with short term BP regulation?

Answer 25

Baroreceptor reflex Neural influence

Question 26

During exercise, which receptors help vasoconstriction generally?

Answer 26

α1 receptors

Question 27

What receptors are selectively placed on organs requiring more bloodflow during exercise?

Answer 27

ß2 receptors | (vasodilates)

Question 28

Which organ does blood flow increase to in order to release glycogen stores when exercising?

Answer 28

Liver

Question 29

Precapillary sphincters are _____ so blood is able to flow through the entire capillary bed when exercising

Answer 29

relaxed

Question 30

Leading up to exercise, TPR increases/decreases?

Answer 30

Increases

Question 31

How does the body respond to a decrease in TPR when performing dynamic exercise in order to maintain MAP?

Answer 31

Increasing CO

Question 32

When the body begins to heat up, it vasodilates vessels near the skin, reducing TPR further and must compensate by?

Answer 32

Increasing CO

Question 33

What part of homeostasis does the body prioritise over thermoregulation in dehydration?

Answer 33

Fluid balance