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A BIOL1035 Part 2 > Respiration 2 > Flashcards

Respiration 2 Flashcards

1
Q

State Daltons Law

A

Total pressure = sum of partial pressures

P= pN2 +pO2+pCO2+pH20

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2
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas?

A

Pressure the gas would exert if it was the only gas present

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3
Q

What is the make up of the air?

A

Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 21%

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4
Q

What is the relationship between Alveolar ventilation and alveolar pp of O2?

A

As ventilation increases the pp of O2 increases

curve upwards and level off

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5
Q

What is the relationship between Alveolar ventilation and alveolar pp of CO2?

A

As ventilation increases , pp of CO2 decreases (sharp downwards curve then level off)

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6
Q

State Fixs Law

A

Diffusion coefficent= K solubility (x) / square root of Mwt(x)

t= respiratory membrane
A= area for diffusion
P=chnages in pp

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7
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the movement of gases into solution ?

A

The rate at which the gases dissolve into the tissue water

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8
Q

What are 5 parts of the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar epithelium
Epithelial basement membrane
Capillary basement membrane
Capillary ENdothelium

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9
Q

What is the average diameter of the pulmonary capillaries

A

~ 5 mm

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10
Q

What is the distance between the alveolar space and capillary lumen?

A

1-2um and this is covered in about 1ms by O2

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11
Q

Which has higher pp in O2 and CO2?

Pulmonary Arterioles or Pulmonary venules

A 
O2= Pulmonary Ventricles
Co2= Pulmonary Arterioles
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12
Q

How long does it take for blood to equilibrate with alveolar gases in the normal lung?

A

<0.2 sec

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13
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood flow

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14
Q

During exercise the blood flow increases, why is this advantageous?

A

Time in capillary reduces so increased movement of CO2 and O2

Also increased pulmonary arterial pressure which causes closed vessels to open and vessels to dialate

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15
Q

What are the 2 physiological regulated factors determined O2/Co2 transfers between alveolus and tissue?

A

rate of alveolar ventilation

Blood flow

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16
Q

In the higher part of the lung which is higher

rate of alveolar ventilation or blood flow

A

rate of alveolar ventilation

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17
Q

In the lower part of the lung which is higher

rate of alveolar ventilation or blood flow

A

Blood flow

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18
Q

State the equation used to find alveolar ventilation

A

V= (V Tidal-V dead) x resp.rate

19
Q

What is the ans to rate of alveolar ventilation/ Blood flow

A

about 0.8

20
Q

What is hypoxic vasoconstriction?

A

When PO2 within the alveoli decreases there is a decrease in blood flow to the alveolus

21
Q

What is the result of hypoxic vasoconstriction?

A

O2-sensitive K+ channels in the smooth muscle membrane of the pulmonary arterioles. At low O2 the K+ channels close, the cell depolarizes and contracts, so these arterioles partially close.

22
Q

Why is hypoxic vasoconstriction important?

A

Important in the pulmonary circulation helping to match perfusion with ventilation

23
Q

What happens when there is a blockage of one alveolar region?

A

Decreased tissue PCo2 around an underventilated alveoli constricts their atriers diverting blood to better ventilated alveoli

24
Q

Define Anatomical DS

A

The volume of respiratory tract involved in conducting gas not in transfer to blood

25
Q

Define Physiological Dead Space

A

The portion of the tidal volume not participating in gas exchange with pulmonary capillary blood

26
Q

What is the equation for physiological DS

A

Physiological DS = Anatomical DS + Alveolar DS

27
Q

State Henrys Law

A

Con of dissolved gas= pp x solubility coefficient

28
Q

Is o2 easily soluble in H2o?

A

NO

29
Q

1g of Hb carries how much O2 when saturated?

A

1.3mls

30
Q

What is the concentration of HB?

A

150g

31
Q

What is the equation of HB reacting with O2?

A

Hb+4O2 Hb(O2)4

32
Q

State the equation of oxidation of HB?

is it easily reduced?

A

Hb (Fe2+) hB(Fe3+)

hard to reduce

33
Q

What is used as an antioxidant for cyanide and why?

A

Amyl Nitrate

Acts as an oxidant to induce formation of methemoglobin

34
Q

At what mm of Hg is fully saturated?

A

80mm

35
Q

What type of binding does O2 have with Hb?

A

Allosteric activation

36
Q

Describe the structure of Hb

A

Tetramer
Heme
Porphyrin ring
Formed of 4 Pyrol groups

37
Q

Why is the S shaped curve advantageous?

A

High affinity only- cant release much O2 to tissue

Low affinity- cant pick up much O2 at the lungs

38
Q

2,3-Bisphosphate also alters position of the O2/Hb curve-how?

A

Strongly –ive charged binds to haemoglobin and reduces O2 allosteric retention
(stabilises the tense low affinty form)
–in lungs, slight reduction in saturation but in tissues results in much greater O2 release

39
Q

name 4 things that change Hb affinity for O2

A

[H+]
pp of Co2
Temp
[2,3-DPG]

(also kinda CO)

40
Q

Describe the Haldane effect

A

central peptide of oxyhaemoglobin (lung) is a stronger acid than haemoglobin (tissue).
In Lung
(1) H+ ions react at carbamino N termini(-NH3+) of Hb displacing CO2
(2) Increased acidity (H+ ) also causes bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid; this then dissociates into water and carbon dioxide(help of C anhydrase), which is released into the alveoli.
Hence in the lungs-oxyhaemoglobin causes increased CO2 is loss from blood
Opposite occurs in the tissue- deoxygenated blood carries more CO2

41
Q

How is CO2 transported?

A

As bicarbonate ion w/ blood proteins and solution in plasma

42
Q

How is CO2 transported in the tissue?

A

IN tissue capillaries, carbon dioxide combines with water inside RBCs to form carbonic acid (C Anhydrase) which dissociates to form bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions, bicarbonate ions leave the RBC and chloride ions enter so separating the reactants

43
Q

How is CO2 transported in the lungs?

A

IN lung oxyhaemoglobin forms and is a stronger acid, binds less readily with carbon dioxide and releases protons which reverse bicarbonate reaction - (Haldane effect), together causes a release of CO2 in lungs

44
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Lowered plasma pH indirectly causes an increase in respiration rate to drive off CO2

A BIOL1035 Part 2 (16 decks)

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