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A BIOL1035 Part 2 > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What four things does the immune system need to do?

A

Detect and identify non-self
communicate with other cells
Recruit
Destroy or suppress

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2
Q

Does RNA mutate more readily ?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What is the arms race?

A

Way to describe the selection process and evolution of pathogens and hosts

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4
Q

The immune tissue is made up of what?

A

Primary and secondary lymphoid tissue

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5
Q

What is the role of the primary lymphoid tissue and name 2 examples

A

Where most immune cells mature
Thymus
Bone marrow

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6
Q

What is the role of the secondary lymphoid tissue and name 2 examples

A

Where organisation occurs
Spleen
Lymph nodes

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7
Q

Describe the innate immunity

A

Immediate response to pathogens
Targets groups of pathogens
Limited diversity of antigen receptors
No memory of pathogens

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8
Q

Describe the adaptive immunity

A

Gradual response, building over days
targets specific pathogens
Highly diverse antigen receptors
Produces immunological memory

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9
Q

Describe the relative activity of Phagocytes/inflammatory cytokines/ interferon-antiviral in relations to the days after infection

A

At zero it increase until day 2.5 when it begins to curve back down to zero at 5 days

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10
Q

Describe the relative activity of cytokines in relations to the days after infection

A

At 1.25 days Cytokine activity increases and peaks at 4 days then slowly decreases past 12 days

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11
Q

Which order are these immune responses occuring?

T cells Phagocytes Antibody Cytokines

A

Phagocytes then cytokines the T-cells then antibodies

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12
Q

Name ways pathogens can enter the body

A 
Cuts/wounds/post operation
Insect/animal bites
Airbourne
Food
Human behaviour
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13
Q

What did Metchnikoff discover and was this correct?

A 
Correct= Metchnikoff showed phagocytes could ingest microbes- and this was more active in vaccinated animals
Incorrect= cells not serum components were the major effectors of immunity
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14
Q

What are the major effector cells in immunology?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What non specific defenses does the skin have?

A

Mechanical barrier and acidic

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16
Q

What non specific defenses does the mucous membrane have?

A

Microbiota, mucus and cilia

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17
Q

Name the internal non specific defenses

A

Temperature
pH
Phagocytic
Inflammatory

18
Q

Describe the overview of the innate immune system 0-4 hours

A

Infection to recognition by performed effectors to removal of infectious disease

19
Q

Describe the overview of the innate immune system 4-96 hours

A

Infection
recognition of microbial molecular patterns
inflammation
recruitment and activation of effector cells
removal of infectious agents

20
Q

Name the 6 cells of the innate immune system

A 
Basophils
Mast cells
Esinophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
21
Q

What is the purpose of inflamation

A

allows the immune system access to damaged infected tissues
eliminates the initial cause of cell injury
removes necrotic cells and tissue and initiates repair

22
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Increase in diameter of adjoining capillaries constriction of vessels transporting blood away

23
Q

What does vasodilation cause?

A

Attracts blood monocytes and neutrophil- rolling/adhereing to endothelial of venules MARGINATION
emigration from vessels between the endothelial cells into the tissue EXTRAVASATION
migrate to the site of injury CHEMOTAXIS

24
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

migration of monocytes and neutrophils to the site of injury

25
Q

Define extravasation

A

Emigration of blood from vessel between the endothelial cells into the tissue

26
Q

Define margination

A

Adherence of blood monocytes and neutrophils to endothelial of venules

27
Q

Macrophages

Do they residue for a long time in the same tissue?

A

May do

28
Q

Monocytes leave the bloodstream and differentiate into what?

A

Macrophages

29
Q

What process by which macrophages remove pathogens and dead cells

A

phagocytosis

30
Q

Name 3 types of phagocytes

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

31
Q

What is released when pathogen killing is initiated?

A

Oxygen radicals
Chlorine products
Nitric oxide pathway

32
Q

What initiates pathogen killing?

A

The phagocytic vacuole fuses with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome

33
Q

Where is NADPH in relation to a phagosome

A

NADPH faces the inner space of a phagosome

34
Q

NADPH+ o2=

Why are the products significant

A

NADPH+o2 -> NADP+ h+ + O2-

O2- is converted into H2O2 then all other products are extremely toxic

35
Q

What type of receptors does the innate immune system use?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

36
Q

What does a mannose receptor bind to?

A

Binds mannose residues on pathogen surface

37
Q

What does a glycan receptor bind to ?

A

Binds to polysaccharides of bacteria and yeast

38
Q

What does a scavenger receptor recognise?

A

Recognises complex sugars on yeast and bacteria

39
Q

What does a Toll-like receptor bind to ?

A

Binds to LPS on the cell wall of gram negative bacteria

40
Q

What does complement receptors recognise?

A

Recognises complement covered structures on yeast and bacteria

A BIOL1035 Part 2 (16 decks)

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