Immune system Flashcards
What four things does the immune system need to do?
Detect and identify non-self
communicate with other cells
Recruit
Destroy or suppress
Does RNA mutate more readily ?
Yes
What is the arms race?
Way to describe the selection process and evolution of pathogens and hosts
The immune tissue is made up of what?
Primary and secondary lymphoid tissue
What is the role of the primary lymphoid tissue and name 2 examples
Where most immune cells mature
Thymus
Bone marrow
What is the role of the secondary lymphoid tissue and name 2 examples
Where organisation occurs
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Describe the innate immunity
Immediate response to pathogens
Targets groups of pathogens
Limited diversity of antigen receptors
No memory of pathogens
Describe the adaptive immunity
Gradual response, building over days
targets specific pathogens
Highly diverse antigen receptors
Produces immunological memory
Describe the relative activity of Phagocytes/inflammatory cytokines/ interferon-antiviral in relations to the days after infection
At zero it increase until day 2.5 when it begins to curve back down to zero at 5 days
Describe the relative activity of cytokines in relations to the days after infection
At 1.25 days Cytokine activity increases and peaks at 4 days then slowly decreases past 12 days
Which order are these immune responses occuring?
T cells Phagocytes Antibody Cytokines
Phagocytes then cytokines the T-cells then antibodies
Name ways pathogens can enter the body
Cuts/wounds/post operation Insect/animal bites Airbourne Food Human behaviour
What did Metchnikoff discover and was this correct?
Correct= Metchnikoff showed phagocytes could ingest microbes- and this was more active in vaccinated animals Incorrect= cells not serum components were the major effectors of immunity
What are the major effector cells in immunology?
Neutrophils
What non specific defenses does the skin have?
Mechanical barrier and acidic
What non specific defenses does the mucous membrane have?
Microbiota, mucus and cilia
Name the internal non specific defenses
Temperature
pH
Phagocytic
Inflammatory
Describe the overview of the innate immune system 0-4 hours
Infection to recognition by performed effectors to removal of infectious disease
Describe the overview of the innate immune system 4-96 hours
Infection
recognition of microbial molecular patterns
inflammation
recruitment and activation of effector cells
removal of infectious agents
Name the 6 cells of the innate immune system
Basophils Mast cells Esinophils Monocytes Macrophages
What is the purpose of inflamation
allows the immune system access to damaged infected tissues
eliminates the initial cause of cell injury
removes necrotic cells and tissue and initiates repair
Define vasodilation
Increase in diameter of adjoining capillaries constriction of vessels transporting blood away
What does vasodilation cause?
Attracts blood monocytes and neutrophil- rolling/adhereing to endothelial of venules MARGINATION
emigration from vessels between the endothelial cells into the tissue EXTRAVASATION
migrate to the site of injury CHEMOTAXIS
Define chemotaxis
migration of monocytes and neutrophils to the site of injury
Define extravasation
Emigration of blood from vessel between the endothelial cells into the tissue
Define margination
Adherence of blood monocytes and neutrophils to endothelial of venules
Macrophages
Do they residue for a long time in the same tissue?
May do
Monocytes leave the bloodstream and differentiate into what?
Macrophages
What process by which macrophages remove pathogens and dead cells
phagocytosis
Name 3 types of phagocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
What is released when pathogen killing is initiated?
Oxygen radicals
Chlorine products
Nitric oxide pathway
What initiates pathogen killing?
The phagocytic vacuole fuses with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome
Where is NADPH in relation to a phagosome
NADPH faces the inner space of a phagosome
NADPH+ o2=
Why are the products significant
NADPH+o2 -> NADP+ h+ + O2-
O2- is converted into H2O2 then all other products are extremely toxic
What type of receptors does the innate immune system use?
Pattern recognition receptors
What does a mannose receptor bind to?
Binds mannose residues on pathogen surface
What does a glycan receptor bind to ?
Binds to polysaccharides of bacteria and yeast
What does a scavenger receptor recognise?
Recognises complex sugars on yeast and bacteria
What does a Toll-like receptor bind to ?
Binds to LPS on the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
What does complement receptors recognise?
Recognises complement covered structures on yeast and bacteria
