Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What four things does the immune system need to do?

A

Detect and identify non-self
communicate with other cells
Recruit
Destroy or suppress

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2
Q

Does RNA mutate more readily ?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What is the arms race?

A

Way to describe the selection process and evolution of pathogens and hosts

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4
Q

The immune tissue is made up of what?

A

Primary and secondary lymphoid tissue

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5
Q

What is the role of the primary lymphoid tissue and name 2 examples

A

Where most immune cells mature
Thymus
Bone marrow

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6
Q

What is the role of the secondary lymphoid tissue and name 2 examples

A

Where organisation occurs
Spleen
Lymph nodes

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7
Q

Describe the innate immunity

A

Immediate response to pathogens
Targets groups of pathogens
Limited diversity of antigen receptors
No memory of pathogens

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8
Q

Describe the adaptive immunity

A

Gradual response, building over days
targets specific pathogens
Highly diverse antigen receptors
Produces immunological memory

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9
Q

Describe the relative activity of Phagocytes/inflammatory cytokines/ interferon-antiviral in relations to the days after infection

A

At zero it increase until day 2.5 when it begins to curve back down to zero at 5 days

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10
Q

Describe the relative activity of cytokines in relations to the days after infection

A

At 1.25 days Cytokine activity increases and peaks at 4 days then slowly decreases past 12 days

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11
Q

Which order are these immune responses occuring?

T cells Phagocytes Antibody Cytokines

A

Phagocytes then cytokines the T-cells then antibodies

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12
Q

Name ways pathogens can enter the body

A
Cuts/wounds/post operation
Insect/animal bites
Airbourne
Food
Human behaviour
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13
Q

What did Metchnikoff discover and was this correct?

A
Correct= Metchnikoff showed phagocytes could ingest microbes- and this was more active in vaccinated animals
Incorrect= cells not serum components were the major effectors of immunity
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14
Q

What are the major effector cells in immunology?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What non specific defenses does the skin have?

A

Mechanical barrier and acidic

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16
Q

What non specific defenses does the mucous membrane have?

A

Microbiota, mucus and cilia

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17
Q

Name the internal non specific defenses

A

Temperature
pH
Phagocytic
Inflammatory

18
Q

Describe the overview of the innate immune system 0-4 hours

A

Infection to recognition by performed effectors to removal of infectious disease

19
Q

Describe the overview of the innate immune system 4-96 hours

A

Infection
recognition of microbial molecular patterns
inflammation
recruitment and activation of effector cells
removal of infectious agents

20
Q

Name the 6 cells of the innate immune system

A
Basophils
Mast cells
Esinophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
21
Q

What is the purpose of inflamation

A

allows the immune system access to damaged infected tissues
eliminates the initial cause of cell injury
removes necrotic cells and tissue and initiates repair

22
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Increase in diameter of adjoining capillaries constriction of vessels transporting blood away

23
Q

What does vasodilation cause?

A

Attracts blood monocytes and neutrophil- rolling/adhereing to endothelial of venules MARGINATION
emigration from vessels between the endothelial cells into the tissue EXTRAVASATION
migrate to the site of injury CHEMOTAXIS

24
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

migration of monocytes and neutrophils to the site of injury

25
Define extravasation
Emigration of blood from vessel between the endothelial cells into the tissue
26
Define margination
Adherence of blood monocytes and neutrophils to endothelial of venules
27
Macrophages | Do they residue for a long time in the same tissue?
May do
28
Monocytes leave the bloodstream and differentiate into what?
Macrophages
29
What process by which macrophages remove pathogens and dead cells
phagocytosis
30
Name 3 types of phagocytes
Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils
31
What is released when pathogen killing is initiated?
Oxygen radicals Chlorine products Nitric oxide pathway
32
What initiates pathogen killing?
The phagocytic vacuole fuses with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome
33
Where is NADPH in relation to a phagosome
NADPH faces the inner space of a phagosome
34
NADPH+ o2= Why are the products significant
NADPH+o2 -> NADP+ h+ + O2- O2- is converted into H2O2 then all other products are extremely toxic
35
What type of receptors does the innate immune system use?
Pattern recognition receptors
36
What does a mannose receptor bind to?
Binds mannose residues on pathogen surface
37
What does a glycan receptor bind to ?
Binds to polysaccharides of bacteria and yeast
38
What does a scavenger receptor recognise?
Recognises complex sugars on yeast and bacteria
39
What does a Toll-like receptor bind to ?
Binds to LPS on the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
40
What does complement receptors recognise?
Recognises complement covered structures on yeast and bacteria