Renal System Flashcards by Elizabeth .

Name the roles of the kidney

OSmolarity
Ion blance
pH 
waste
Extra cellular volume

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Does a healthy kidney

Produce hormones

YES

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What is the main function of the kidney?

Homeostatic regulation of water and ion content of blood

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Where are the ureter?

Tube linking kidneys to bladder

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On the Kidney where is the
Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis
capsule

Cortex- outer layer
Medulla- inner layer
Renal pelvis- large tube
capsule- surrounding kidney

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Name the parts of the nephron

Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Proximal tubule
Loop of henle
Distal tubule

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Describe the key processes of the Nephron

Blood enters through the Afferent arteriole through the glomerulus
bowman’s capsule the filtrate is removed
In the proximal tubule reabsorption back into blood and secretion occur
In the loop of henle reabsorption occurs
DIstal tubule and collecting such have reabsorption and secretion

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How many liters filter though the Bowmans capsule per day

108L

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What % of fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal tubual

How many litres per day

70%

54L/day

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What % of fluid is reabsorbed in the loop of henle

How many litres per day

90%

18L/day

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What % of fluid is reabsorbed in the distal loop/collecting duct

How many litres per day

99%

1.5L/day

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What is the acidity and osmolarity of nephron

Acidity increased down the nephron

Osmolarity decreases

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What are the 3 barriers filtrate has to pass through?

1st- Glomerular Capillary Endothelium
2nd- Basal Lamina
3rd- Epithelium of Bowman’s Capsule

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Is the glomerulus high pressure?

YES

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Name the layers of the glomerulus

Endothelium
Filtration slits
Podocytes pedicels
Filtration membrane

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List the forces which infiltrate glomerular filtration and the units

Capillary blood pressure- 30mm Hg
Osmotic pressure- 55mm Hg
Fluid pressure- 15mm Hg

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What equation finds Net filtration pressure

Capillary blood pressure -Osmotic pressure -Fluid pressure

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GFR filtration efficiency=

125ml/min 180L/day

What is the filtration coefficient made up of ?

Surface area of glomerulus capillaries

Permeability to endothelial cells

What is the definition of Chronic kidney disease?

a GFR of less than 60ml/min

When does GRF increase and decrease?

Decreases with age

Increase during pregnancy

What is the most common physiological regulator of the GFR?

Changes in afferent arteriole resistance.

What are the effects on increased the blood pressure on the renal system?

Constricts afferent arteriole, dilates efferent

What are the effects on decreased the blood pressure on the renal system?

Dilate afferent arteriole, constrict efferent

What does vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole cause?

Increases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus capillaries GFR increases

What does dilation of the efferent arteriole cause?

Decreases glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure | GFR decreases

What is the myogenic response to GFR regulation?

Increase in blood pressure activates stretch sensitive ion channels that open Smooth muscle cells depolarise and contract Vasoconstriction increases - resistance to flow so blood flow through arteriole diminishes. Decrease in blood flow Decreases filtration pressure within the glomerulus.

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

Regulates GFR | Using BP and net filtration pressure

How does tubuloglomerular feedback work if GFR increases?

Flow through tubule increases Flow past macula dense increases Paracrine diffuses from macra densa to afferent arteriole Resistance in afferent arteriole increases HP in glomerular decreases GFR decreases

How do hormones and neurons respond when systemic blood pressure drops

If systemic blood pressure drops sharply e.g. hemorrhage or severe dehydration, sympathetically induced vasoconstriction of arterioles decreases GFR and renal blood flow. Podocytes change size

name the hormone vasoconstrictor and vaso dilator

Angiotensin II- vasoconstrictor | Prostaglandin- vasodilator

How do we measure renal function GFR?

Creatinine levels in the urine Normal levels are 88–128 mL/min for healthy women and 97–137 mL/min for healthy men.

Define reabsorption

Movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the tubule back into the plasma

How much of urea is reabsorbed?

50%

Describe the process of reabsorption

Substance must first be transported across the tub ular epithelial membrane into the renal interstitial fluid and then through the peritubular capillary membrane back into the blood

The concentration gradient of a molecule determines__

The mechanism required to transport it across the membrane

What are the 2 types of active transport?

Primary-directly uses metabolic energy | Secondary- uses energy from an electrochemical gradient to drive transport

How is water reabsorbed in the renal system?

Passively by osmosis and coupled to solute reabsorption. The ascending loop of Henle is virtually impermeable to water

How can we increase osmolarity of interstitium?

Moving solutes/ions into interstitium creates favourable conditions for water re-absorption

Describe Na transport across the epithelium

Na+ transporters Na/K ATPase Na AT into the epithelial cell from the lumen Na linked glucose reabsorption

How is the transport rate determined?

Na+ load | several hormones and neurotransmitter

Urea is reabsorbed in the ____ with ____

Urea is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and collecting duct with H2O

Describe the process of secretion and excretion, describe where in the nephron this occurs and how.

Secretion is the transfer of molecules from the extra cellular fluid into the lumen Of the nephron. Depends mainly on membrane transport systems These substances are present in great excess, or are natural poisons. Many drugs are eliminated by tubular secretion

What is the equation to find the amount of solute excreted?

Amount filtered- amount reabsorbed + amount secreted