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A BIOL1035 Part 2 > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the roles of the kidney

A 
OSmolarity
Ion blance
pH 
waste
Extra cellular volume
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2
Q

Does a healthy kidney

Produce hormones

A

YES

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3
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A

Homeostatic regulation of water and ion content of blood

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4
Q

Where are the ureter?

A

Tube linking kidneys to bladder

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5
Q 
On the Kidney where is the
Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis
capsule
A

Cortex- outer layer
Medulla- inner layer
Renal pelvis- large tube
capsule- surrounding kidney

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6
Q

Name the parts of the nephron

A 
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Proximal tubule
Loop of henle
Distal tubule
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7
Q

Describe the key processes of the Nephron

A

Blood enters through the Afferent arteriole through the glomerulus
bowman’s capsule the filtrate is removed
In the proximal tubule reabsorption back into blood and secretion occur
In the loop of henle reabsorption occurs
DIstal tubule and collecting such have reabsorption and secretion

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8
Q

How many liters filter though the Bowmans capsule per day

A

108L

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9
Q

What % of fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal tubual

How many litres per day

A

70%

54L/day

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10
Q

What % of fluid is reabsorbed in the loop of henle

How many litres per day

A

90%

18L/day

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11
Q

What % of fluid is reabsorbed in the distal loop/collecting duct

How many litres per day

A

99%

1.5L/day

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12
Q

What is the acidity and osmolarity of nephron

A

Acidity increased down the nephron

Osmolarity decreases

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13
Q

What are the 3 barriers filtrate has to pass through?

A

1st- Glomerular Capillary Endothelium
2nd- Basal Lamina
3rd- Epithelium of Bowman’s Capsule

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14
Q

Is the glomerulus high pressure?

A

YES

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15
Q

Name the layers of the glomerulus

A

Endothelium
Filtration slits
Podocytes pedicels
Filtration membrane

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16
Q

List the forces which infiltrate glomerular filtration and the units

A

Capillary blood pressure- 30mm Hg
Osmotic pressure- 55mm Hg
Fluid pressure- 15mm Hg

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17
Q

What equation finds Net filtration pressure

A

Capillary blood pressure -Osmotic pressure -Fluid pressure

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18
Q

GFR filtration efficiency=

A

125ml/min 180L/day

19
Q

What is the filtration coefficient made up of ?

A

Surface area of glomerulus capillaries

Permeability to endothelial cells

20
Q

What is the definition of Chronic kidney disease?

A

a GFR of less than 60ml/min

21
Q

When does GRF increase and decrease?

A

Decreases with age

Increase during pregnancy

22
Q

What is the most common physiological regulator of the GFR?

A

Changes in afferent arteriole resistance.

23
Q

What are the effects on increased the blood pressure on the renal system?

A

Constricts afferent arteriole, dilates efferent

24
Q

What are the effects on decreased the blood pressure on the renal system?

A

Dilate afferent arteriole, constrict efferent

25
Q

What does vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole cause?

A

Increases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus capillaries
GFR increases

26
Q

What does dilation of the efferent arteriole cause?

A

Decreases glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

GFR decreases

27
Q

What is the myogenic response to GFR regulation?

A

Increase in blood pressure activates stretch sensitive ion channels that open
Smooth muscle cells depolarise and contract
Vasoconstriction increases - resistance to flow so blood flow through
arteriole diminishes. Decrease in blood flow Decreases filtration pressure
within the glomerulus.

28
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

Regulates GFR

Using BP and net filtration pressure

29
Q

How does tubuloglomerular feedback work if GFR increases?

A

Flow through tubule increases
Flow past macula dense increases
Paracrine diffuses from macra densa to afferent arteriole
Resistance in afferent arteriole increases
HP in glomerular decreases
GFR decreases

30
Q

How do hormones and neurons respond when systemic blood pressure drops

A

If systemic blood pressure drops sharply e.g. hemorrhage or severe dehydration, sympathetically induced vasoconstriction of arterioles decreases GFR and renal blood flow.
Podocytes change size

31
Q

name the hormone vasoconstrictor and vaso dilator

A

Angiotensin II- vasoconstrictor

Prostaglandin- vasodilator

32
Q

How do we measure renal function GFR?

A

Creatinine levels in the urine

Normal levels are 88–128 mL/min for healthy women and 97–137 mL/min for healthy men.

33
Q

Define reabsorption

A

Movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the tubule back into the plasma

34
Q

How much of urea is reabsorbed?

A

50%

35
Q

Describe the process of reabsorption

A

Substance must first be transported across the tub ular epithelial membrane into the renal interstitial fluid and then through the peritubular capillary membrane back into the blood

36
Q

The concentration gradient of a molecule determines__

A

The mechanism required to transport it across the membrane

37
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport?

A

Primary-directly uses metabolic energy

Secondary- uses energy from an electrochemical gradient to drive transport

38
Q

How is water reabsorbed in the renal system?

A

Passively by osmosis and coupled to solute reabsorption. The ascending loop of Henle is virtually impermeable to water

39
Q

How can we increase osmolarity of interstitium?

A

Moving solutes/ions into interstitium creates favourable conditions for water re-absorption

40
Q

Describe Na transport across the epithelium

A

Na+ transporters

Na/K ATPase
Na AT into the epithelial cell from the lumen
Na linked glucose reabsorption

41
Q

How is the transport rate determined?

A

Na+ load

several hormones and neurotransmitter

42
Q

Urea is reabsorbed in the ____ with ____

A

Urea is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and collecting duct with H2O

43
Q

Describe the process of secretion and excretion, describe where
in the nephron this occurs and how.

A

Secretion is the transfer of molecules from the extra cellular fluid into the lumen
Of the nephron.

Depends mainly on membrane transport systems

These substances are present in great excess, or are natural poisons.
Many drugs are eliminated by tubular secretion

44
Q

What is the equation to find the amount of solute excreted?

A

Amount filtered- amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

A BIOL1035 Part 2 (16 decks)

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