Respiration 1 Flashcards
Define respiration
The process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell
Define gaseous exchange
Process by which an organism exchanges gases with its environment
Name 4 examples of how breathing aids a condition in the body
Regulating blood pH by changing CO2 levels
Movement of air past vocal folds= speech
Olfaction- smell occurs when airborne molecules move
Protection against microorganisms
Describe the main types of sinuses
Maxillary sinuses- largest of paranasal sinus. under the eyes
Frontal Sinus- in the forehead
Ethmoid Sinus- with in ethmoid bone between the nose and the eyes
Sphenoid sinuses- under pituitary gland
What is the suggested role of the sinuses?
Increased resonance of the voice, buffer against blow to the face, insulate sensitive structures from rapid temp fluctuations
Immunological defense
What are the roles of the nasal cavity?
Passage for air
Cleans the air
Humidifies and warms air
Smell
What are the three regions of the Pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larngopharyynx
What are the 3 functions of the larynx?
Maintains an open passageway
Epiglottis and ventricular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx
Vocal folds are primary source of sound production
How many cartilages form the larynx?
9
Which cartilages of the larynx are unpaired?
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
Which cartilages of the larynx are paired?
arytenoids,
corniculate,
thecuneiforms
How many muscles are involved in opening or closing the vocal cord?
VFs vibrate Innervation 6 muscles
Why does the broncholes have cilia?
to remove debris
What is the cartilages role in the tube system?
Holds the system open
Consoles diameter in smooth muscle and smaller bronchioles controls length
The trachea branches into the what?
into 2 bronchi
How many times does the bronchi branch before terminating in a custer of alveoli?
22x
Name the specialised epithelium in the tracheobrochial tree
Pseudostratified Mucociliary Epithelium
What is in the conducting zone and what is in the respiratory zone?
Conducting zone= URT and Tracheobronchial tree
Respiratory zone= respiratory bronchioles to alveoli and site for gas exchange
How are the lungs located in the body?
Float in the thoracic cavity, surrounded by thin pleural fluid
Continual transfer of fluid into lymphatic channels maintains a negative pressure between the visceral surface of the lung pleura and the parietal pleural surface of the thoracic cavity.
Therefore, the lungs are held to the thoracic wall and movement of the wall alters lung size.
During inspiration is the Diaphragm relaxed or contracted?
Contracted to increase thoracic volume
During inspiration what happens to the Sternum/ribs?
Like a bucket handle it moves up and out to increase volume
External intercostals contract
What happens in the thoracic cavity during expiration?
PASSIVE
Elastic recoil of Diaphragm, lung tissue and ribs
External intercostal muscles relax ( during excercise when forced)
Ribs go down and inwards
What are the passive elements of ventilation?
Elastic return in lungs
Elastic recoil of ribs
Surface tension in lungs
State the equation for Transpulmonary pressure
Transpulmonary pressure= Alveolar press - Pleural press
What is the plural pressure at the beginning of inspiration and max inspiration?
- 5cm of water
- 7cm of water
As the pleural pressure is always negative and less than the alveolar pressure.
What happens when you are stabbed in the lungs?
leads to-
Pneumothorax air entering chest cavity and lung collapses
from the chest wall// one collapsed lung will affect the other lung
What is the normal adults transpulmonary pressure change?
Normal adult~200 mls of air/ 1 cm H20 transpulmonary pressure change
Lower than normal compliance means?
Compliance= lung+thorax movement
harder to expand
Name 2 diseases that lower the compliance of the lungs?
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pulmonary Oedema
What 2 things is inhalation compliance altered by?
Elastic fibres- lung / chest and pressure of Abdominal contents
Surface tension in alveoli – layer of fluid on alveous
What is surfactant?
Surface agent in H20 that greatly reduces the surface tension of water
What are the roles of surfactant?
reduced work in inspiration (increases compliance)
results in 1/12 of the surface tension of a pure water air interface –
Think more compliant ppl are easier to move
- stabilizes of alveoli; (LaPlace)
- reduced alveolar pressure helps keep alveoli dry; helps prevent pulmonary oedema
- crucial for expansion lungs at birth
Define respiratory rate
Number of breaths per minute
Define minute ventilation
Amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute
TVxRR (tidal vol x resp rate)
Define Anatomic dead space
Part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place
Define Alveolar ventilation
Volume of air per minute entering the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange takes place= (TV-ADS)xRR
State the The normal tidal volume
The normal respiratory rate
Minute ventilation average
Normal anatomical dead space
The normal tidal volume (TV) ~ 500 mls
The normal respiratory rate ~ 12 breaths per minute.
Minute ventilation average (MV) ~ 6 L/min.
Normal anatomical dead space ~150mls (AV 350mls / breath)
