Respiration 1

Question 1

Define respiration

Answer 1

The process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell

Question 2

Define gaseous exchange

Answer 2

Process by which an organism exchanges gases with its environment

Question 3

Name 4 examples of how breathing aids a condition in the body

Answer 3

Regulating blood pH by changing CO2 levels
Movement of air past vocal folds= speech
Olfaction- smell occurs when airborne molecules move
Protection against microorganisms

Question 4

Describe the main types of sinuses

Answer 4

Maxillary sinuses- largest of paranasal sinus. under the eyes
Frontal Sinus- in the forehead
Ethmoid Sinus- with in ethmoid bone between the nose and the eyes
Sphenoid sinuses- under pituitary gland

Question 5

What is the suggested role of the sinuses?

Answer 5

Increased resonance of the voice, buffer against blow to the face, insulate sensitive structures from rapid temp fluctuations
Immunological defense

Question 6

What are the roles of the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

Passage for air
Cleans the air
Humidifies and warms air
Smell

Question 7

What are the three regions of the Pharynx?

Answer 7

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larngopharyynx

Question 8

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

Answer 8

Maintains an open passageway
Epiglottis and ventricular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx
Vocal folds are primary source of sound production

Question 9

How many cartilages form the larynx?

Answer 9

9

Question 10

Which cartilages of the larynx are unpaired?

Answer 10

thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis

Question 11

Which cartilages of the larynx are paired?

Answer 11

arytenoids,
corniculate,
thecuneiforms

Question 12

How many muscles are involved in opening or closing the vocal cord?

Answer 12

VFs vibrate Innervation 6 muscles

Question 13

Why does the broncholes have cilia?

Answer 13

to remove debris

Question 14

What is the cartilages role in the tube system?

Answer 14

Holds the system open

Consoles diameter in smooth muscle and smaller bronchioles controls length

Question 15

The trachea branches into the what?

Answer 15

into 2 bronchi

Question 16

How many times does the bronchi branch before terminating in a custer of alveoli?

Answer 16

22x

Question 17

Name the specialised epithelium in the tracheobrochial tree

Answer 17

Pseudostratified Mucociliary Epithelium

Question 18

What is in the conducting zone and what is in the respiratory zone?

Answer 18

Conducting zone= URT and Tracheobronchial tree

Respiratory zone= respiratory bronchioles to alveoli and site for gas exchange

Question 19

How are the lungs located in the body?

Answer 19

Float in the thoracic cavity, surrounded by thin pleural fluid
Continual transfer of fluid into lymphatic channels maintains a negative pressure between the visceral surface of the lung pleura and the parietal pleural surface of the thoracic cavity.
Therefore, the lungs are held to the thoracic wall and movement of the wall alters lung size.

Question 20

During inspiration is the Diaphragm relaxed or contracted?

Answer 20

Contracted to increase thoracic volume

Question 21

During inspiration what happens to the Sternum/ribs?

Answer 21

Like a bucket handle it moves up and out to increase volume

External intercostals contract

Question 22

What happens in the thoracic cavity during expiration?

Answer 22

PASSIVE
Elastic recoil of Diaphragm, lung tissue and ribs
External intercostal muscles relax ( during excercise when forced)
Ribs go down and inwards

Question 23

What are the passive elements of ventilation?

Answer 23

Elastic return in lungs
Elastic recoil of ribs
Surface tension in lungs

Question 24

State the equation for Transpulmonary pressure

Answer 24

Transpulmonary pressure= Alveolar press - Pleural press

Question 25

What is the plural pressure at the beginning of inspiration and max inspiration?

Answer 25

• 5cm of water

- 7cm of water

Question 26

As the pleural pressure is always negative and less than the alveolar pressure.

What happens when you are stabbed in the lungs?

Answer 26

leads to-
Pneumothorax air entering chest cavity and lung collapses
from the chest wall// one collapsed lung will affect the other lung

Question 27

What is the normal adults transpulmonary pressure change?

Answer 27

Normal adult~200 mls of air/ 1 cm H20 transpulmonary pressure change

Question 28

Lower than normal compliance means?

Answer 28

Compliance= lung+thorax movement

harder to expand

Question 29

Name 2 diseases that lower the compliance of the lungs?

Answer 29

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pulmonary Oedema

Question 30

What 2 things is inhalation compliance altered by?

Answer 30

Elastic fibres- lung / chest and pressure of Abdominal contents
Surface tension in alveoli – layer of fluid on alveous

Question 31

What is surfactant?

Answer 31

Surface agent in H20 that greatly reduces the surface tension of water

Question 32

What are the roles of surfactant?

Answer 32

reduced work in inspiration (increases compliance)
results in 1/12 of the surface tension of a pure water air interface –
Think more compliant ppl are easier to move

• stabilizes of alveoli; (LaPlace)
• reduced alveolar pressure helps keep alveoli dry; helps prevent pulmonary oedema
• crucial for expansion lungs at birth

Question 33

Define respiratory rate

Answer 33

Number of breaths per minute

Question 34

Define minute ventilation

Answer 34

Amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute
TVxRR (tidal vol x resp rate)

Question 35

Define Anatomic dead space

Answer 35

Part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place

Question 36

Define Alveolar ventilation

Answer 36

Volume of air per minute entering the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange takes place= (TV-ADS)xRR

Question 37

State the The normal tidal volume
The normal respiratory rate
Minute ventilation average
Normal anatomical dead space

Answer 37

The normal tidal volume (TV) ~ 500 mls
The normal respiratory rate ~ 12 breaths per minute.
Minute ventilation average (MV) ~ 6 L/min.
Normal anatomical dead space ~150mls (AV 350mls / breath)