Respiration

Question 1

Photosynthesis

Answer 1

all green plants use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. the net reaction is the reverse of respiration. reduction occurs instead of oxidation. this takes place in the chloroplasts
6CO2+12H2O+ light energy–> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Question 2

distinct regions of photosynthesis

Answer 2

light reactions and dark reactions.

Question 3

light reaction

Answer 3

converts solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP (by photophosphorylation) and NADPH. these reactions must take place in the light

Question 4

dark reactions

Answer 4

are coupled to the light reactions they incorporate CO2 into organic molecules in a process called carbon fixation. This reaction is also called reduction synthesis because carbs are produced by reducing CO2.

Question 5

choroplasts

Answer 5

where light and dark reactions of photosynthesis takes place. , a specialized organelle containing the chlorophyll molecule within the thylakoid membranes

Question 6

chlorophyll

Answer 6

molecule that absorbs photons of light to drive the reaction of photosynthesis

Question 7

Light reaction process

Answer 7

also called photolysis, begins with absorption of a photon of a light by a chlorophyll, then a P700 molecule excites electrons to a higher energy level. which can flow along the cyclic or non cyclic pathways.

Question 8

cyclic electron flow

Answer 8

the excited P700 electrons move along a chain of electron carriers. a series of redox reactions are harnessed to produce ATP from ADP and Pi in a process called cyclic photophosphorylation.

Question 9

noncyclic electron flow

Answer 9

key pathway of light reactions. excited electrons of P700 are transferred to the electron receptor NADP+ which accepts the high energy electrons and forms NADPH. the P700 are now left with holes. the P680 fills these holes and produces ATP by noncyclic photophosphorylation. and it also breaks down water

Question 10

P680

Answer 10

a special chlorophyll absorbing a wave length of 680. strong oxidizing agent that can fill in the wholes of water in the non cyclic electron flow

Question 11

Dark reaction and light reaction process

Answer 11

occurs during the day along with the light reactions but doesn’t require light to function. but uses the ATP and NADPH from it.

Question 12

Calvin cycle

Answer 12

CO2 is the source of carbon for carbs in this cycle. the products are three carbon sugar phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).

• similar to the krebs cycle in reverse
  1) CO2 is fed to the cycle
  2) reducing power is utilized during the cycle
  3) energy is used in the cycle (conversion of ATP to ADP)

Question 13

PGAL

Answer 13

phosphpglyceraldehyde. the prime end product of photosynthesis and it can be used as immediate food nutrient, form glucose for cells or packaged.

Question 14

protozoa and hydra respiration

Answer 14

every cell is in contact with the external environment and respiratory gases can be exchanged between the cell and the environment by simple diffusion through cell membrane.

Question 15

annelids respiration

Answer 15

mucus secreted on the moist surface of the earthworms body provides a surface for gaseous exchange by diffusion.
-aquatics use bronchial respiration via gills or parapodia for gas exchange.

Question 16

arthropod phylum respiration

Answer 16

the system contains series of tubules called trachae, whose branches reach almost every cell. They access the surface by spiracles. this permits intake, distribution and removal of respiratory gases directly between air and the body cells of diffusion.

Question 17

respiration in humans

Answer 17

air enters the lungs after traveling through a series of respiratory airways. Gas exchange between the air and the lungs and the blood of the circulatory system occurs across alveoli. Following exchange air rushes back through the pathway and is exhaled.

Question 18

air passages in the human

Answer 18

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and the alveoli

Question 19

alveoli

Answer 19

air filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches. 300 mill provide approximately 100m2 of moist respiratory surface for gas exchange.

Question 20

ventilation

Answer 20

breathing or ventilation of the lungs is the process by which air is inhaled and exhaled. the purpose is to take oxygen from the atmosphere and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body

Question 21

inhalation

Answer 21

during inhaling the muscular diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the external intercostal muscles contract, pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and out. allowing the thoracic cavity to increase in volume. this reduces pressure in the lungs allowing them to fill with air

Question 22

exhalation

Answer 22

passive process. the lungs and chest wall are highly elastic and tend to recoil to their original positions following inhalation.
-the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the chest wall moves inward. leading to a decrease in thoracic cavity volume and the air pressure increases. making the lungs deflate and forcing air out of the alveoli.

Question 23

control of the ventilation

Answer 23

regulated by a collection of neurons (respiratory centers) located in the medulla oblongata, whose rhythmic discharges stimulate the intercostal muscles and or diaphragm to contract. When the partial pressure of CO2 rises the medulla stimulates an increase in the rate of ventilation

Question 24

Gas exchange in the human

Answer 24

ventilation produces a pressure gradient that permits simple diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.

Question 25

pulmonary surfactant

Answer 25

coats the alveolar walls and reduces surface tension, that prevents avelolar collapse and allowing for easier gas exchange