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Biology > Circulatory systems > Flashcards

Circulatory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Translocation

A

circulation in plants

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2
Q

plant stem

A

primary organ of transport in the plant

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3
Q

Vascular bundles

A

run up and down the stem of the plant

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4
Q

fibrovascular bundle

A

at the center of the stem contains xylem, pholem and cambium cells

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5
Q

Xylem

A

thick walled cells located on the inside of the vascular bundle. They carry water minerals up the plant and their thick walls give the plant its rigid support.

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6
Q

sapwood

A

the outer layer of the xylem that is alive

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7
Q

two types of xylem cells

A

vessel cells and tracheids

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8
Q

transpiration pull

A

as water evaporates from the leaves of plants a vacuum is created that pulls water up the stem

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9
Q

capillary action in plants

A

any liquid in a thin tube will rise due to the surface tension of the liquid and the interactions between the liquid and the tube

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10
Q

root pressure

A

water entering the root hairs exerts a pressure that pushes the water up the stem

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11
Q

Pholem

A

cells that are thin walled on the outside of the vascular bundle. They usually transport nutrients (esp carbs) down the stem. they are living and include sieve tube cells and companion cells

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12
Q

cambium

A

cells that are two layers thick, actively dividing, undifferentiated cells that give rise to xylem and pholem. the cells near the pholem produce pholem cells and near xylem to xylem cells.

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13
Q

layers of plant outside to inner

A

epidermis (outer bark), cortex, pholem, cambium, xylem and pith (tissue involved in the storage of nutrients and plant support)

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14
Q

Root

A

functions to absorb materials through the root hairs and anchor the plant. Some roots provide energy reserves. contains same layers as the stem

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15
Q

Root hairs

A

specialized cells of the root epidermis with thin walled projections. they increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals from soil.

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16
Q

circulation in protazoans

A

movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by simple diffusion within the cell

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17
Q

cnidarians circulation

A

do not need a circulatory system. all cells are in direct contact with either the internal or external environment

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18
Q

arthropods circulation

A

open circulatory system is which blood is in direct contact with the body tissues. the blood is circulated primarily by the body movements. blood flows through the dorsal vessel and sinuses where exchange occurs.

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19
Q

annelids circulation

A

earthworms use a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to blood vessels, blood moves toward the head in a dorsal vessel, which functions as the heart with contractions. the aortic loops connect the dorsal vessel to ventral to act as additional pumps.

20
Q

functions of circulatory systems in humans

A

blood transports various nutrients, O2 to tissues and removes wastes and CO2 from tissue, platelets are involved injury repair and leukocytes are the main component of the immune system

21
Q

transport of O2 by erythrocytes

A

erythrocytes transport O2 throughout the circulatory system and there fore the body. It is the hemoglobin molecules in erythrocytes that bind to O2

22
Q

one important role of CO2 in body

A

to be a reactant for the bicarbonate buffering system

23
Q

bicarbonate buffering system

A

in this system CO2 combines with H2O to make H2CO3. the critical part of the system if that carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- and H+ which helps assist as a buffering system to accommodate many pH imbalances in the body.

24
Q

the action of transport of nutrients and waste in the blood

A

amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed into the blood stream at the intestinal capillaries. they are then processed and transferred where metabolic waste products diffuse into capillaries then delivered to excretory organs

25
Q

human cardiovascular system

A

composed of muscular four chambered heart, network of blood vessels and the blood itself. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart to the aorta which branches into a series of arteries to arterioles then capillaries. Then capillaries converge to venules, veins and carry deoxy blood to the inferior and superior vena cava back to the heart. entering the right artirum, to right ventricle which then pumps the blood through pulmonary arteries then lungs so it can get oxygenated. which then returns back to the heart via the pulmonary vein to enter left atrium and left ventricle.

26
Q

Fetal circulation

A

the fetus does not use their lungs. the foramen ovale is hole between the right and left atrium of the fetal heart that shunts blood away from the right ventricle. ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus are also present

27
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

a connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery that also prevents any blood in the right ventricle from entering the developing lungs

28
Q

ductus venosus

A

moves ocxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava of the fetus allowing oxy blood to bypass the liver and travel to the brain.

29
Q

The heart

A

driving force of the circulatory system. the right side of the heart pumps de-oxygenated blood to the pulmonary circulation while the left side pumps oxygenated blood into the systematic circulation. the Atria are thin walled and the ventricles are muscular because they push blood into the destination.

30
Q

Blood vessels

A

three main types arteries, veins and capillaries.

31
Q

arteries

A

thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart EXCEPT pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.

32
Q

Veins

A

thin walled inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart. EXCEPT for pulmonary veins that carry oxygenated blood. blood flow in veins depends on compression of skeletal muscles.

33
Q

capillaries

A

very thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells across which respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes can readily diffuse.

34
Q

lymphatic systems

A

a secondary circulatory system distinct from the cardiovascular circulation. its vessels transport excess interstitial fluid called lymph to the cardiovascular, keeping the fluid in the body constant.

35
Q

lymph nodes

A

swellings along the lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and pathogens

36
Q

blood

A

the average human body has 4-6 liters of blood. has both 55% liquid and 45% cellular components.

37
Q

plasma

A

the liquid portion of the blood. it is an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones and blood proteins.

38
Q

blood proteins

A

immunoglobin, albumin, and fibrinogen

39
Q

cellular components of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

40
Q

erythrocytes

A

oxygen carrying components of blood. contains 250 mil molecules of hemoglobin which can each hold 4 molecules of O2.

  • have a biconcave disk-like shape for greater gas exchange and movement.
  • Formed in bone marrow
  • life of 120 days
41
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin binds to oxygen, primary form of oxygen transport in the blood

42
Q

Leukocytes

A

(WBC) larger then erythrocytes and serve protective functions. selectively and exclusively phagocytize foreign matter an organisms.

43
Q

macrophages

A

WBC that migrate from the blood to tissue where they mature and can either phaocytize pathogens or activate immune response.

44
Q

lymphocytes

A

are involved in immune response and the production of antibodies (B cells) or cytolysis of infected cells (T cells)

45
Q

Platelets

A

cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation as a response to tissue injury

46
Q

Clotting

A

occurs when platelets come into contact with the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel. releasing a chemical that causes platelets to adhere to each other forming a platelet plug. Which then releases thromboplastin. which converts prothrombin to thrombin. thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin seals the deal

47
Q

serum

A

the fluid left after blood clotting

Biology (17 decks)

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