Circulatory systems Flashcards
Translocation
circulation in plants
plant stem
primary organ of transport in the plant
Vascular bundles
run up and down the stem of the plant
fibrovascular bundle
at the center of the stem contains xylem, pholem and cambium cells
Xylem
thick walled cells located on the inside of the vascular bundle. They carry water minerals up the plant and their thick walls give the plant its rigid support.
sapwood
the outer layer of the xylem that is alive
two types of xylem cells
vessel cells and tracheids
transpiration pull
as water evaporates from the leaves of plants a vacuum is created that pulls water up the stem
capillary action in plants
any liquid in a thin tube will rise due to the surface tension of the liquid and the interactions between the liquid and the tube
root pressure
water entering the root hairs exerts a pressure that pushes the water up the stem
Pholem
cells that are thin walled on the outside of the vascular bundle. They usually transport nutrients (esp carbs) down the stem. they are living and include sieve tube cells and companion cells
cambium
cells that are two layers thick, actively dividing, undifferentiated cells that give rise to xylem and pholem. the cells near the pholem produce pholem cells and near xylem to xylem cells.
layers of plant outside to inner
epidermis (outer bark), cortex, pholem, cambium, xylem and pith (tissue involved in the storage of nutrients and plant support)
Root
functions to absorb materials through the root hairs and anchor the plant. Some roots provide energy reserves. contains same layers as the stem
Root hairs
specialized cells of the root epidermis with thin walled projections. they increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals from soil.
circulation in protazoans
movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by simple diffusion within the cell
cnidarians circulation
do not need a circulatory system. all cells are in direct contact with either the internal or external environment
arthropods circulation
open circulatory system is which blood is in direct contact with the body tissues. the blood is circulated primarily by the body movements. blood flows through the dorsal vessel and sinuses where exchange occurs.
annelids circulation
earthworms use a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to blood vessels, blood moves toward the head in a dorsal vessel, which functions as the heart with contractions. the aortic loops connect the dorsal vessel to ventral to act as additional pumps.
functions of circulatory systems in humans
blood transports various nutrients, O2 to tissues and removes wastes and CO2 from tissue, platelets are involved injury repair and leukocytes are the main component of the immune system
transport of O2 by erythrocytes
erythrocytes transport O2 throughout the circulatory system and there fore the body. It is the hemoglobin molecules in erythrocytes that bind to O2
one important role of CO2 in body
to be a reactant for the bicarbonate buffering system
bicarbonate buffering system
in this system CO2 combines with H2O to make H2CO3. the critical part of the system if that carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- and H+ which helps assist as a buffering system to accommodate many pH imbalances in the body.
the action of transport of nutrients and waste in the blood
amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed into the blood stream at the intestinal capillaries. they are then processed and transferred where metabolic waste products diffuse into capillaries then delivered to excretory organs
human cardiovascular system
composed of muscular four chambered heart, network of blood vessels and the blood itself. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart to the aorta which branches into a series of arteries to arterioles then capillaries. Then capillaries converge to venules, veins and carry deoxy blood to the inferior and superior vena cava back to the heart. entering the right artirum, to right ventricle which then pumps the blood through pulmonary arteries then lungs so it can get oxygenated. which then returns back to the heart via the pulmonary vein to enter left atrium and left ventricle.
Fetal circulation
the fetus does not use their lungs. the foramen ovale is hole between the right and left atrium of the fetal heart that shunts blood away from the right ventricle. ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus are also present
ductus arteriosus
a connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery that also prevents any blood in the right ventricle from entering the developing lungs
ductus venosus
moves ocxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava of the fetus allowing oxy blood to bypass the liver and travel to the brain.
The heart
driving force of the circulatory system. the right side of the heart pumps de-oxygenated blood to the pulmonary circulation while the left side pumps oxygenated blood into the systematic circulation. the Atria are thin walled and the ventricles are muscular because they push blood into the destination.
Blood vessels
three main types arteries, veins and capillaries.
arteries
thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart EXCEPT pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.
Veins
thin walled inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart. EXCEPT for pulmonary veins that carry oxygenated blood. blood flow in veins depends on compression of skeletal muscles.
capillaries
very thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells across which respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes can readily diffuse.
lymphatic systems
a secondary circulatory system distinct from the cardiovascular circulation. its vessels transport excess interstitial fluid called lymph to the cardiovascular, keeping the fluid in the body constant.
lymph nodes
swellings along the lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and pathogens
blood
the average human body has 4-6 liters of blood. has both 55% liquid and 45% cellular components.
plasma
the liquid portion of the blood. it is an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones and blood proteins.
blood proteins
immunoglobin, albumin, and fibrinogen
cellular components of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
erythrocytes
oxygen carrying components of blood. contains 250 mil molecules of hemoglobin which can each hold 4 molecules of O2.
- have a biconcave disk-like shape for greater gas exchange and movement.
- Formed in bone marrow
- life of 120 days
oxyhemoglobin
when hemoglobin binds to oxygen, primary form of oxygen transport in the blood
Leukocytes
(WBC) larger then erythrocytes and serve protective functions. selectively and exclusively phagocytize foreign matter an organisms.
macrophages
WBC that migrate from the blood to tissue where they mature and can either phaocytize pathogens or activate immune response.
lymphocytes
are involved in immune response and the production of antibodies (B cells) or cytolysis of infected cells (T cells)
Platelets
cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation as a response to tissue injury
Clotting
occurs when platelets come into contact with the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel. releasing a chemical that causes platelets to adhere to each other forming a platelet plug. Which then releases thromboplastin. which converts prothrombin to thrombin. thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin seals the deal
serum
the fluid left after blood clotting
