Evolution

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

is about changes in populations, species or groups of species.

Question 2

microevolution

Answer 2

describes the details of how populations of organisms change from generation to generation and how new species originate.

Question 3

macroevolution

Answer 3

describes the patterns of changes in groups of related species over broad periods of geologic time. the patterns determine phylogeny, the evolutionary relationships among species and groups of species.

Question 4

Lamarck

Answer 4

on of the earliest advocates for evolutionary ideas. he had three important theories: 1) use and disuse 2) inheritance of acquired characteristics 3) natural transformation of species

Question 5

Use and disuse

Answer 5

described how body parts of organisms can develop with increased usage, while unused parts weaken.

Question 6

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 6

described how body features developed over a lifetime of an organism could be passed along to offspring. this was incorrect

Question 7

natural transformation of species

Answer 7

described how organisms produced off spring with changes, transforming each subsequent generation into a slightly different form toward some ultimate higher order of complexity. species didnt become extinct. this was incorrect

Question 8

Darwinism

Answer 8

natural selection or survival of the fittest is the driving force of evolution

Question 9

Palentology

Answer 9

provides fossils that reveal the prehistoric existence of extinct species. As a result changes in species and the formation of new species can be studied.

Question 10

Five scientific disciplines that provide evidence for evolution

Answer 10

palentology, biogeography, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology

Question 11

biogeography

Answer 11

uses geography to describe the distribution of species. this information has revealed that unrealated in different regions of the world look alike when found in similar environments. this provides strong evidence for natural selection.

Question 12

Embryology

Answer 12

reveals similar stages in development among related species. this similarity helps establish evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)

Question 13

Comparative anatomy

Answer 13

describes two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species.

Question 14

Homologous structures

Answer 14

are body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor.

Question 15

analogous structures

Answer 15

body parts that resemble one another in a different species, not because they have evolved from a common ancestor but because they evolved independently as adaptions to their environment.

Question 16

Molecular biology

Answer 16

examines the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species. Closely related species share higher percentages of sequences than species distantly related.

Question 17

Natural selection

Answer 17

the differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population as a result of their interaction with the environment.

Question 18

Types of fossils

Answer 18

petrification, imprints, molds and casts

Question 19

petrification

Answer 19

the process in which minerals replace the cells of an organism

Question 20

imprints

Answer 20

impressions left by an organism (footprints)

Question 21

molds

Answer 21

form in hollow spaces of rocks as the organisms within decay

Question 22

casts

Answer 22

formed by minerals deposited in the molds

Question 23

Comparative Biology

Answer 23

most organisms share the same basic needs and metabolic processes, requiring the same nutrients and forms of energy. The closer the organisms in the evolutionary scheme the greater similarity in their chemical make up and genetic information

Question 24

Vestigial structures

Answer 24

appear to be useless but had some ancestral function. There are many examples that are similar in organisms. ex. appendix in humans and usage in herbivores

Question 25

Geographic Barriers

Answer 25

species multiplication is generally accompanied by migration to lessen intraspecific competition. Separation of widely distributed population by emerging barriers increases genetic adaptations.

Question 26

Systematics

Answer 26

the field if study that constructs and studies evolutionary relationships.

Question 27

phylogeny

Answer 27

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. in photogenically relationships the species should be somewhat similar to its ancestors

Question 28

Cladistics

Answer 28

used to classify organisms based on their phylogenetic relationships. Cladograms are constructed to predict how an ancestor has evolved into its proposed descendents.

Question 29

clade

Answer 29

each subtree of a cladogram: members of a clade possess some kind of derived characteristics that distinguish them from other clades.

Question 30

parsimony

Answer 30

the least complex explanation, used by scientist in cladograms

Question 31

Darwin’s agents leading to evolutionary change

Answer 31

Overpopulation, variations, competition, natural selection, inheritance of the variations, evolution of new species.

Question 32

Darwin’s theory of overpopulation

Answer 32

more offspring are produced than can survive so there are insufficient resources that can support the entire population

Question 33

Darwin’s theory of variations

Answer 33

Offspring naturally show differences in their characteristics. De Vries later suggested mutations as the cause. Some are beneficial others are harmful

Question 34

Darwin’s Competition theory

Answer 34

the developing population must compete for the necessitates of life. Many young must die and adults main constant over generations.

Question 35

Darwins natural selection/ inheritance theory

Answer 35

The variations some species develop give them advantage over others. since they survives they reproduce “survival of the fittest”. Passing these DNA of sex cells only to offspring

Question 36

Population genetics

Answer 36

Gene pool of a population is the sum total of all the alleles for any given trait in a population.
Gene frequency is the decimal fraction representing the presence of the allele.
p (dominant) + q (recessive) =1

Question 37

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 37

When gene frequencies of a population are not changing the gene pool is stable and the population is not evolving given:
-population is large
-no mutations that affect the gene pool
-mating between individuals is random
-no net migration of individuals in or out
-genes in the population are equally successful at reproducing
yet has absence of microevolutionary change

Question 38

Hardy- Weinburg equation

Answer 38

p2+2pq+q2= 1

Question 39

Agents of microevolutionary change

Answer 39

natural selection, mutation, assortive mating, genetic drift and gene flow.

Question 40

Speciation

Answer 40

is the evolution of new species which are groups of individuals who can interbreed freely with each other but not other species.

Question 41

Demes

Answer 41

small local population of interbreeding organisms of the same species. they are closely related genetically, since mating between members of the deme occurs frequently. also influenced by the same environmental factors

Question 42

Adaptive radiation

Answer 42

the emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species. A single species may diverge into a number of distinct species the differences between them are those adaptive to a distinct lifestyle. or niche

Question 43

convergent evolution

Answer 43

groups on different branches of (phylogeny tree) develop in similar ways when exposed to similar environments.

Question 44

parallel evolutions

Answer 44

species that develop similar traits though in different geographical areas.

Question 45

divergent

Answer 45

species that have the same ancestor but bear off into its own species.