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Biology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

embryology

A

the study of the development of a unicellular zygote into a complete multicelluar organism

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2
Q

Fertilization of vertebrates

A

an egg can be fertilized within 12-24 hours following ovulation. Occurs in the fallopian tube

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3
Q

faternal twins

A

if more than one egg is fertilized

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4
Q

Cleavage

A

early embryonic development is characterized by a series of rapid miotic divisions known as cleavage. results in progressively smaller cells with an increasing ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material.

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5
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

is one that results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism.

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6
Q

Identical twins

A

are the result of an indeterminate cleavage.

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7
Q

determinate cleavage

A

results in cells whose future differentiation pathways are determined at an early developmental stage.

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8
Q

differentiation

A

is the specialization of cells that occurs during development

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9
Q

morula

A

a solid ball of embryonic cells

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10
Q

Blastulation

A

begins when the morula develops a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoel. which by the fourth day becomes a hollow sphere of cells call the blastula.

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11
Q

Gastrulation

A

once the blastula is implanted in the uterus cell migrations transform the single cell layer of the blastula into a three layerd strucutre called gastrula

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12
Q

Gastrula

A

composed of three primary germ layers that are responsible for the differential development of the tissues, organs and systems of the body at later stages of growth. ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

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13
Q

Ectoderm

A

itegument (including the epidermis,hair , nails, and epithelium of the nose, mouth, and anal canal), the lens of the eye, the retina and the nervous system

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14
Q

Endoderm

A

epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts and parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid and bladder lining

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15
Q

Mesoderm

A

musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, connective tissues throughout the body and portions of the respiratory organs.

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16
Q

External development

A

the early development of many animals occurs outside of the mothers body, on land or in the water.

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17
Q

Egg shells

A

provide protection for the developing embryo outside the mothers body. Consisting of chorion, allantois, amnion and yolk sac

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18
Q

Chorion of egg shells

A

lines the inside of the shell, it is the moist membrane that permits gas exchange

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19
Q

Allantois of egg shells

A

saclike structure that is involved in respiration and excretion and it contains numerous blood vessels to transport O2, CO2, water, salt and nitrogenous wastes

20
Q

Amnion of egg shells

A

this membrane encloses the amniotic fluid which keeps the embryo safe from shock

21
Q

Yolk sac

A

encloses the yolk. Blood vessels in the yolk sac transfer food to the developing embryo

22
Q

Nonplacental internal development

A

marsupials and some tropical fish develop in the mother without a placenta. Without a placenta exchange of food and oxygen between the young and the mother is limited.

23
Q

Placental internal development

A

the growing fetus receives oxygen directly from its mother through a specialized circulatory system. which also supplies nutrients and removes waste. key component is the placenta and the umbilical cord

24
Q

The placenta and the umbilical cord are out growths of _

A

four extra-embryonic membranes formed during development: the amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac

25
Q

The amnion in humans

A

is a thin tough membrane containing a watery fluid called amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid acts as a shock absorber of external pressure and localized pressure from uterine contractions

26
Q

the chorion in humans

A

the placenta formation begins with the chorion, a membrane that completely surrounds the amnion

27
Q

allantois of the human

A

develops as an out-pocketing of the gut. blood vessels of the allantoic wall enlarge and become the umbilical vessels, which connect the fetus to the developing placenta

28
Q

yolk sac of humans

A

the site of early development of the blood vessels becomes associated with the umbilical vessels

29
Q

labor

A

a series of strong uterine contractions. three distinct stages. first stage the cervix thins and dilates and the amniotic sac ruptures releasing fluids. second stage is characterized by rapid contractions resulting in birth. third is followed by expelling of the placenta and umbilical cord

30
Q

embryo parts of seed formation

A

epicotyl, cotyledons, hypocotyl, endosperm, and seed coat

31
Q

epicotyl

A

this is the precursor of the upper stem and leaves

32
Q

cotyledons

A

these are the seed leaves. Dicots have two seed leaves while monocots have only one.

33
Q

hypocotyl

A

this develops into the lower stem and root

34
Q

endosperm

A

the endosperm grows and feeds the embryo. In dicots the cotyledon absorbs the endosperm

35
Q

seed coat

A

develops from the outer covering of the ovule. the embryo and its seed coat together comprise the seed

36
Q

Seed dispersal

A

the fruit is formed from the ovary walls and other parts of the plant is the means of seed dispersal. it enables to the seed to be carried more frequently and effectivley

37
Q

meristem cells

A

these tissues undergo active cell reproduction. gradually the cells elongate and differentiate into cell types characteristic of the species

38
Q

apical meristem

A

found in the tips of roots and stems. growth and length only occurs at these points

39
Q

lateral meristem

A

the lateral meristem or cambium is located between the xylem and pholem. this tissue permits growth in the diameter and can differentiate into xylem and pholem cells. predominant in woody dicots

40
Q

Embryonic development stages

A

1) fertilization
2) cleavage
3. Morula
4. Blastula
5. Gastrula
6. Extra embryonic development
7. Organogenesis

41
Q

Notochord

A

Cells of dorsal surface of mesoderm germ layer, form this stiff Rod that provides support

42
Q

Neural tube

A

In Ectoderm layer above the notochord, a layer of cells forms the neural plate the plate indents forming a neural grove which becomes a neural tube (encasing CNS) and neural crest creating teeth bones and more

43
Q

Blastocyst

A

Consists if two parts- outer ring trophoblast and inner cell mass called embryonic disc

44
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer ring the embeds into the endometrium, and produces HCG, then becomes the chorion

45
Q

Embryonic disc

A

Inner cell mass that clusters at one pole and flattens into embryonic disk. A primaries streak occurs, gastrulation follow and then extraembryonic membranes form (except chorion)

Biology (17 decks)

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