Immunology

Question 1

MHC

Answer 1

Major Histocompatibility complex. the body having the ablity to distinguish between “self” and “non self” due to glycoproteins that exist on membrane of all body cells. Unique by individual

Question 2

two specific immune defense mechanisms

Answer 2

humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

Question 3

humoral immunity

Answer 3

involves the production of antibodies

Question 4

cell mediated immunity

Answer 4

involves the cells that combat fungal and viral infection. it uses antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, using macrophages, and cytokines instead of antibodies.

Question 5

Lymphocytes

Answer 5

Primary agents of the immune response. White blood cells that originate in bone marrow but concentrate in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. Mainly B and T cells

Question 6

antibodies

Answer 6

specialized cells that are produced to a specific antigen. also called immunoglobins, that originate from B cells and are complex proteins that recognize and bind to antigens to trigger the immune system to remove them

Question 7

active immunity

Answer 7

refers to the production of antibodies during an immune response. can be conferred by vaccination. May require weeks to build up

Question 8

vaccination

Answer 8

an individual is injected with a weakened, inactive or related form of a particular antigen, which stimulates the immune system to produce antigens against it.

Question 9

Passive immunity

Answer 9

the transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism. acquired passively or by injection or from the mother to a fetus. it is acquired immediately but is short lived.

Question 10

Gamma globulin

Answer 10

is a fraction of blood containing a wide variety of antibodies

Question 11

nonspecific defense mechanisms

Answer 11

First defense (skin, mucous coats, symbiotic bacteria, cilia) second defense (phagocytes like neutrophils and monocytes and NK cells) inflammatory response, interferons

Question 12

skin defense

Answer 12

a physical barrier against invasion. In addition, pores on the skins surface secrete sweat, which contains an enzyme that attacks bacterial cell walls.

Question 13

mucous coats defense

Answer 13

passages are lines with mucous- coats epithelia which filter and trap foreign particles

Question 14

macrophages

Answer 14

Natural killer ( kills abnormal body cells) monocytes and neutrophils kill foreign pathogens. engulf and destroy foreign particles

Question 15

inflammatory response

Answer 15

initiated by the body in response to physical damage or foreign invaders enter. injured cells release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate, thereby increasing blood flow to the damaged region. Complement helps stimulate basophils and release histamine and kill. Granulocytes attracted to the injury site phagocytized antigenic material. often accompanied by fever

Question 16

interferons defense

Answer 16

proteins called interferons are produced by cells under viral attack. they diffuse to other cells where they prevent the spread of the virus

Question 17

blood typing

Answer 17

erythrocytes have characteristic cell surface proteins (antigens). The body recognizes these antigens as self and produces antibodies for the opposite. which leads to the need for correct blood typing. except AB (universal recipient) O universal donor

Question 18

Rh factor

Answer 18

another antigen that may be present on the surface of red blood cells. common in pregenancy

Question 19

erythroblastosis fetus

Answer 19

sever anemia for the fetus due to mother rejecting and destroying the fetal red blood cells

Question 20

B cells

Answer 20

Originate and mature in the bone marrow. Produce antibodies. When I contact with antigens that bonded to the anitibodies they proliferate and produce daughter cells plasma and memory.

Question 21

Plasma cells

Answer 21

B cells that release their specific antibodies to circulate through the body to bind to antigens

Question 22

Memory cells

Answer 22

Long lived B cells that do not release their antibodies on just any antigens, they wait and immediately attack any subsequent run ins with a previous antigen creates immunity

Question 23

T cells

Answer 23

Lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland . They attack non self cells. Upon encounter they produce cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

Question 24

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 24

Recognize and destroy no self cells by puncturing them thus causing them to lyse

Question 25

Helper T cells

Answer 25

Stimulate the proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 26

Five immunoglobulins

Answer 26

A, Dimer in secretions of the body
D, Monimer surface of immature B cells
E, Monimer allergic reaction from environment and parasites
G, invasion from pathogen and helps fetus

M- pentimer on surface of B cells

Question 27

Interleukins

Answer 27

When helper T cells bind with macrophages this is produced. A Communication chemicals between leukocytes that provide a positive feedback to produce more T cells and B cells