Immunology Flashcards
MHC
Major Histocompatibility complex. the body having the ablity to distinguish between “self” and “non self” due to glycoproteins that exist on membrane of all body cells. Unique by individual
two specific immune defense mechanisms
humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity
humoral immunity
involves the production of antibodies
cell mediated immunity
involves the cells that combat fungal and viral infection. it uses antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, using macrophages, and cytokines instead of antibodies.
Lymphocytes
Primary agents of the immune response. White blood cells that originate in bone marrow but concentrate in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. Mainly B and T cells
antibodies
specialized cells that are produced to a specific antigen. also called immunoglobins, that originate from B cells and are complex proteins that recognize and bind to antigens to trigger the immune system to remove them
active immunity
refers to the production of antibodies during an immune response. can be conferred by vaccination. May require weeks to build up
vaccination
an individual is injected with a weakened, inactive or related form of a particular antigen, which stimulates the immune system to produce antigens against it.
Passive immunity
the transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism. acquired passively or by injection or from the mother to a fetus. it is acquired immediately but is short lived.
Gamma globulin
is a fraction of blood containing a wide variety of antibodies
nonspecific defense mechanisms
First defense (skin, mucous coats, symbiotic bacteria, cilia) second defense (phagocytes like neutrophils and monocytes and NK cells) inflammatory response, interferons
skin defense
a physical barrier against invasion. In addition, pores on the skins surface secrete sweat, which contains an enzyme that attacks bacterial cell walls.
mucous coats defense
passages are lines with mucous- coats epithelia which filter and trap foreign particles
macrophages
Natural killer ( kills abnormal body cells) monocytes and neutrophils kill foreign pathogens. engulf and destroy foreign particles
inflammatory response
initiated by the body in response to physical damage or foreign invaders enter. injured cells release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate, thereby increasing blood flow to the damaged region. Complement helps stimulate basophils and release histamine and kill. Granulocytes attracted to the injury site phagocytized antigenic material. often accompanied by fever
interferons defense
proteins called interferons are produced by cells under viral attack. they diffuse to other cells where they prevent the spread of the virus
blood typing
erythrocytes have characteristic cell surface proteins (antigens). The body recognizes these antigens as self and produces antibodies for the opposite. which leads to the need for correct blood typing. except AB (universal recipient) O universal donor
Rh factor
another antigen that may be present on the surface of red blood cells. common in pregenancy
erythroblastosis fetus
sever anemia for the fetus due to mother rejecting and destroying the fetal red blood cells
B cells
Originate and mature in the bone marrow. Produce antibodies. When I contact with antigens that bonded to the anitibodies they proliferate and produce daughter cells plasma and memory.
Plasma cells
B cells that release their specific antibodies to circulate through the body to bind to antigens
Memory cells
Long lived B cells that do not release their antibodies on just any antigens, they wait and immediately attack any subsequent run ins with a previous antigen creates immunity
T cells
Lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland . They attack non self cells. Upon encounter they produce cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Recognize and destroy no self cells by puncturing them thus causing them to lyse
Helper T cells
Stimulate the proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells
Five immunoglobulins
A, Dimer in secretions of the body
D, Monimer surface of immature B cells
E, Monimer allergic reaction from environment and parasites
G, invasion from pathogen and helps fetus
M- pentimer on surface of B cells
Interleukins
When helper T cells bind with macrophages this is produced. A Communication chemicals between leukocytes that provide a positive feedback to produce more T cells and B cells
