Classification Flashcards
taxonomy
the science of classification and nomenclature. modern classification system seeks to group organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships
organization proceeds from the largest, broadest group to the smaller more specific subgroups
modern scheme of taxonomy
five kingdoms that is divided into several major phyla (in animal kingdom) or divisions (other kingdoms). A phylum or division has several sub phyla or subdivisions which are further divided into classes then orders. Orders into families and each family is divided into a genus then a species is the final smallest subdivision.
order of taxonomy
Kingdom- phylum- subphylum- class- order- family- genus- species
Scientific names
all organisms are given a scientific name consisting of the genus and species. Genus is capitalized
Kingdoms
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.
Viruses
have not been placed into any of the five kingdoms because they don’t carry out physiological or biochemical processes out side of the host. they maybe considered non living
Monera
prokaryotes (bacteria). they lack any membrane bound organelles. all are single celled organisms that reproduce asexually
Protista
contains primitive eukaryotic organisms with both plant and animal like characteristics. May either be single cells or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation.
-carry out the ability to perform all life processes.
Fungi
may be considered non-photosynthetic plants. They are either saprophytic or parasitic. their modes of reproduction varied and unique. cell walls are composed of chitin and not cellulose (as in plants) all are heterotrophic
example mushrooms yeast and lichens.
Plantae
plant kingdom includes multicellular organisms that exhibit differentiation of tissues and are non motile and photosynthetic. many exhibit an alternation of generation and distinct embryonic phase.
Animalia
contains multicellular, generally motile, heterotrophic organisms have differentiated tissues and organs
Cyanobacteria
a moneran- also called blue-green algae live primarily in fresh water but exist in marine enviornments. they posses a cell wall and photosynthetic pigments but no flagella, nucleus chloroplasts or mitochondria.
-can withstand extreme temps
other bacteria of Monera kingdom
generally single celled prokaryotes with a single double stranded circular loop of DNA that is not reduced by a nuclear membrane. almost all have cell walls. play active roles in biogeochemical cycles. may be classified by their appearance
bacterial morphological appearances
cocci (round), bacilli (rods), spirilla (spiral), duplexes (diplococci) and clusters (staphylococci) and chains (streptococci).
Protozoa
traditionally, protozoans are considered those single-celled organisms are heterotrophic like little animals.
Includes a number of phyla
algae
primarily photosynthetic organisms. include phytoplankton which is important sources of food for many marine organisms
protists resembling fungi
slime molds, arranged in a coenocytic mass of protoplasm. undergoes a unique life cycle that is plant and animal like. these stages include fruiting bodies and unicellular flagellated spores. Reproduce asexually by sporulation
bryophytes
simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues. They lack the xylem that functions as support in tracheophytes and retain flagellated sperm cells which must swim to eggs.
live in moist places.
tracheophyta
vascular plants are complex plants with a great degree of cell differentiation. They contain vascular tissues xylem and phloem.
- have a radial symmetry about a main vertical axis and are anchored by deep roots instead of rhizoids.
- sporophyte generation is dominant
four divisions of vascular plants
psilophytes, lycophytes, spenophytes and pterophytes.
Psilophytes
are the most primative of the tracheophytes and contain rhizoids instead of roots and one vasuclar bundle in the leaves
Lycophytes
belong to an ancient subdivision, have roots are non woody and contain microphyll leaves
Sphenophytes
possess roots, microphyll leaves and hollow jointed stems. whorls of leaves occur on each joint.
Pterophytes
the largest division of tracheophyta and include the fern. they evolved from early psilopsids. Pteropsida contain large leaves (megaphylls) which posses many vascular bundles.
Conifers
largest grouping of gymnosperms, which are naked seeded plants. Conifers have cones, spiral clusters of modified leaves.
Conifer cones
large female cones whose sporangia produce megaspores and small male cones whose sporangia produce microspores
reproduction of conifers
gametophyte stage is short lived in gymnosperms and microscopic. the male microspore produces pollen that can be carried by the wind to the pollen tube so that an embryo can devleop.
Anthophyta divison of Plants
includes the flowering plants known as amniosperms. they have covered seeds and are the most abundant of all plants.
angiosperms
have flowers not cones as their principal reproductive structure. the anther of the male stamen produces microspores, while ovary of the female pistil produces megaspores.
subclasses of angiosperms
dicotyledons and monocotyledons
Dicots
have net veined leaves and vascular bundles about a ring within the central cynlinder. contain two cotyledons within the seed. have flower parts in multiples of four or five.
ex. apple trees, potatoes and carrots
Monocots
contain leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles and seeds with single cotyledons. most do not posse cambium and therefore are non-woody. have flower parts in multiples of three.
ex. wheat, corn, rye and pineapples
alimentaion
all animals, except some parasites like the tapeworm, ingest bulk foods (holotroophic), digest them and then eliminate the remains.
locomotion
all animals employ some form of locomotion to acquire nutrients. some are sessile (stationary) and create currents to trap food.
-also important for protection, mate selection and reproduction
bilateral symmetry
most animals have right and left sides that are mirror images. the head is directed anteriorly
-except echnioderms and cnidarians are radially symmetrical
nervous system
animals posses a system enabling then to receive stimuli and control their actions. having sense organs, specialized conductors and higher brain centers for coordination and learning
chemical coordinating system
animals secrete chemicals (hormones) that operate in conjunction with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
Porifera
sponges have two layers of cells, pores, are sessile and have a low degree of cellular specialization
cnidarians
coelenterates, contain a digestive sac that is sealed at one end. two layers of cells are present- the ectoderm and the endoderm.
-have many specialized features including tentacles, stinging cells, and net nerves. examples are jellyfish, hydra and coral.
Platyhelminthes
flatworms, are ribbon like, bilaterally symmetrical and posses three layers of cells including a solid mesoderm. they don’t have circulatory systems, and the nervous system is eyes, anterior brain, ganglion and nerve cords
Nematoda
round worms, possess long digestive tubes and an anus. A solid mesoderm is present. Nematodes lavck circulatory systems. they have nerve cords and an anterior nerve ring
ex. hookworm, soil nematodes
annelida
Segmented worms, posses a coelem (true body cavity) contained in the mesoderm. well defined systems, including nervous, circulatory and excretory systems. (earth worms and leeches)
Mollusca
mollusks are soft bodied and possess mantles that often secrete calcareous (calcium carbonate) exoskeletons. they breath by gills and contain chambered hearts, blood sinuses and a pair of ventral nerve cords.
ex snail, squid and clams
Arthropoda
jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeletons and open circulatory systems. three important classes are insects, arachnids and crustaceans
insects
possess three pairs of legs, spiracles and tracheal tubes designed for breathing outside of an aquatic environment
Arachnids
have four pairs of legs and book lungs. ex spiders and scorpion
crustaceans
have segmented body with a variable number of appendages and possess gills ex. cray fish lobster and shrimp
Echinoderms
spiny, radially symmetrical, contain water vascular system and possess the capacity for regeneration of parts. ex. starfish and sea urchin
Chordates
characterized by stiff dorsal rod called the notochord present at some stage of embryonic development. paired gill stilts and a tail extending beyond the anus at some point during development lancelets and tunicates are chordates not vertebrate.
Vertebrate
most advanced subphylum of the chordates. vertebrates include amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish and mammals. having the same characteristics as chordates they also have bones that replace the notochord with a spine
Fish
possess two chambered heart and gills and utilize external fertilization for reproduction.
jawless fish
are eel-like, retain the notochord throughout life, and have a cartilaginious internal skeleton. no jaws and a sucking mouth. include the class Agnatha. ex hagfish
cartilaginous fish
posses jaws and teeth. reduced notochord exists as segments between cartilaginous vertebrae. ex. shark
bony fish
are the most prevalent type of fish. they have scales and lack a notochord in the adult form. during development cartilage is replaced by bony skeleton. ex. tuna, trout
Amphibia
the larval stage is found in water, possess gills and a tail and has no legs. the adult lives on land and has lungs, two pairs of legs, no tail, three chambered heart and no scales and utilizes external fertilization. ex frog newt and salamander
reptiles
terrestrial animals. breath by lungs an lay leathery eggs and utilize internal fertilization. Reptiles are poikilothermic and have scales and a 3chambered heart ex. turtle lizard and snakes
birds
have a four chambered heart, warm blooded and their eggs are surrounded by shells. ex hen and eagles
Mammals
warm blooded animals that feed their offspring with milk produced in the mammary glands.
Monetremes
lay leather eggs, have horny bills and have milk glands with numerous openings but no nipples. ex. platypus and spiny anteater.
Marsupials
pouched mammals. the embryo begins development in the uterus and completes development while attached to nipples in the abdominal pouch ex. kangaroo and opossum
placental mammals
have embryo that develop fully in the uterus. The placenta attaches the embryo to the uterine wall and provides for the exchange of, food, oxygen and waste material. ex. bat, whale mouse and humans.
