Classification

Question 1

taxonomy

Answer 1

the science of classification and nomenclature. modern classification system seeks to group organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships
organization proceeds from the largest, broadest group to the smaller more specific subgroups

Question 2

modern scheme of taxonomy

Answer 2

five kingdoms that is divided into several major phyla (in animal kingdom) or divisions (other kingdoms). A phylum or division has several sub phyla or subdivisions which are further divided into classes then orders. Orders into families and each family is divided into a genus then a species is the final smallest subdivision.

Question 3

order of taxonomy

Answer 3

Kingdom- phylum- subphylum- class- order- family- genus- species

Question 4

Scientific names

Answer 4

all organisms are given a scientific name consisting of the genus and species. Genus is capitalized

Question 5

Kingdoms

Answer 5

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.

Question 6

Viruses

Answer 6

have not been placed into any of the five kingdoms because they don’t carry out physiological or biochemical processes out side of the host. they maybe considered non living

Question 7

Monera

Answer 7

prokaryotes (bacteria). they lack any membrane bound organelles. all are single celled organisms that reproduce asexually

Question 8

Protista

Answer 8

contains primitive eukaryotic organisms with both plant and animal like characteristics. May either be single cells or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation.
-carry out the ability to perform all life processes.

Question 9

Fungi

Answer 9

may be considered non-photosynthetic plants. They are either saprophytic or parasitic. their modes of reproduction varied and unique. cell walls are composed of chitin and not cellulose (as in plants) all are heterotrophic
example mushrooms yeast and lichens.

Question 10

Plantae

Answer 10

plant kingdom includes multicellular organisms that exhibit differentiation of tissues and are non motile and photosynthetic. many exhibit an alternation of generation and distinct embryonic phase.

Question 11

Animalia

Answer 11

contains multicellular, generally motile, heterotrophic organisms have differentiated tissues and organs

Question 12

Cyanobacteria

Answer 12

a moneran- also called blue-green algae live primarily in fresh water but exist in marine enviornments. they posses a cell wall and photosynthetic pigments but no flagella, nucleus chloroplasts or mitochondria.
-can withstand extreme temps

Question 13

other bacteria of Monera kingdom

Answer 13

generally single celled prokaryotes with a single double stranded circular loop of DNA that is not reduced by a nuclear membrane. almost all have cell walls. play active roles in biogeochemical cycles. may be classified by their appearance

Question 14

bacterial morphological appearances

Answer 14

cocci (round), bacilli (rods), spirilla (spiral), duplexes (diplococci) and clusters (staphylococci) and chains (streptococci).

Question 15

Protozoa

Answer 15

traditionally, protozoans are considered those single-celled organisms are heterotrophic like little animals.
Includes a number of phyla

Question 16

algae

Answer 16

primarily photosynthetic organisms. include phytoplankton which is important sources of food for many marine organisms

Question 17

protists resembling fungi

Answer 17

slime molds, arranged in a coenocytic mass of protoplasm. undergoes a unique life cycle that is plant and animal like. these stages include fruiting bodies and unicellular flagellated spores. Reproduce asexually by sporulation

Question 18

bryophytes

Answer 18

simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues. They lack the xylem that functions as support in tracheophytes and retain flagellated sperm cells which must swim to eggs.
live in moist places.

Question 19

tracheophyta

Answer 19

vascular plants are complex plants with a great degree of cell differentiation. They contain vascular tissues xylem and phloem.

• have a radial symmetry about a main vertical axis and are anchored by deep roots instead of rhizoids.
• sporophyte generation is dominant

Question 20

four divisions of vascular plants

Answer 20

psilophytes, lycophytes, spenophytes and pterophytes.

Question 21

Psilophytes

Answer 21

are the most primative of the tracheophytes and contain rhizoids instead of roots and one vasuclar bundle in the leaves

Question 22

Lycophytes

Answer 22

belong to an ancient subdivision, have roots are non woody and contain microphyll leaves

Question 23

Sphenophytes

Answer 23

possess roots, microphyll leaves and hollow jointed stems. whorls of leaves occur on each joint.

Question 24

Pterophytes

Answer 24

the largest division of tracheophyta and include the fern. they evolved from early psilopsids. Pteropsida contain large leaves (megaphylls) which posses many vascular bundles.

Question 25

Conifers

Answer 25

largest grouping of gymnosperms, which are naked seeded plants. Conifers have cones, spiral clusters of modified leaves.

Question 26

Conifer cones

Answer 26

large female cones whose sporangia produce megaspores and small male cones whose sporangia produce microspores

Question 27

reproduction of conifers

Answer 27

gametophyte stage is short lived in gymnosperms and microscopic. the male microspore produces pollen that can be carried by the wind to the pollen tube so that an embryo can devleop.

Question 28

Anthophyta divison of Plants

Answer 28

includes the flowering plants known as amniosperms. they have covered seeds and are the most abundant of all plants.

Question 29

angiosperms

Answer 29

have flowers not cones as their principal reproductive structure. the anther of the male stamen produces microspores, while ovary of the female pistil produces megaspores.

Question 30

subclasses of angiosperms

Answer 30

dicotyledons and monocotyledons

Question 31

Dicots

Answer 31

have net veined leaves and vascular bundles about a ring within the central cynlinder. contain two cotyledons within the seed. have flower parts in multiples of four or five.
ex. apple trees, potatoes and carrots

Question 32

Monocots

Answer 32

contain leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles and seeds with single cotyledons. most do not posse cambium and therefore are non-woody. have flower parts in multiples of three.
ex. wheat, corn, rye and pineapples

Question 33

alimentaion

Answer 33

all animals, except some parasites like the tapeworm, ingest bulk foods (holotroophic), digest them and then eliminate the remains.

Question 34

locomotion

Answer 34

all animals employ some form of locomotion to acquire nutrients. some are sessile (stationary) and create currents to trap food.
-also important for protection, mate selection and reproduction

Question 35

bilateral symmetry

Answer 35

most animals have right and left sides that are mirror images. the head is directed anteriorly
-except echnioderms and cnidarians are radially symmetrical

Question 36

nervous system

Answer 36

animals posses a system enabling then to receive stimuli and control their actions. having sense organs, specialized conductors and higher brain centers for coordination and learning

Question 37

chemical coordinating system

Answer 37

animals secrete chemicals (hormones) that operate in conjunction with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

Question 38

Porifera

Answer 38

sponges have two layers of cells, pores, are sessile and have a low degree of cellular specialization

Question 39

cnidarians

Answer 39

coelenterates, contain a digestive sac that is sealed at one end. two layers of cells are present- the ectoderm and the endoderm.
-have many specialized features including tentacles, stinging cells, and net nerves. examples are jellyfish, hydra and coral.

Question 40

Platyhelminthes

Answer 40

flatworms, are ribbon like, bilaterally symmetrical and posses three layers of cells including a solid mesoderm. they don’t have circulatory systems, and the nervous system is eyes, anterior brain, ganglion and nerve cords

Question 41

Nematoda

Answer 41

round worms, possess long digestive tubes and an anus. A solid mesoderm is present. Nematodes lavck circulatory systems. they have nerve cords and an anterior nerve ring
ex. hookworm, soil nematodes

Question 42

annelida

Answer 42

Segmented worms, posses a coelem (true body cavity) contained in the mesoderm. well defined systems, including nervous, circulatory and excretory systems. (earth worms and leeches)

Question 43

Mollusca

Answer 43

mollusks are soft bodied and possess mantles that often secrete calcareous (calcium carbonate) exoskeletons. they breath by gills and contain chambered hearts, blood sinuses and a pair of ventral nerve cords.
ex snail, squid and clams

Question 44

Arthropoda

Answer 44

jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeletons and open circulatory systems. three important classes are insects, arachnids and crustaceans

Question 45

insects

Answer 45

possess three pairs of legs, spiracles and tracheal tubes designed for breathing outside of an aquatic environment

Question 46

Arachnids

Answer 46

have four pairs of legs and book lungs. ex spiders and scorpion

Question 47

crustaceans

Answer 47

have segmented body with a variable number of appendages and possess gills ex. cray fish lobster and shrimp

Question 48

Echinoderms

Answer 48

spiny, radially symmetrical, contain water vascular system and possess the capacity for regeneration of parts. ex. starfish and sea urchin

Question 49

Chordates

Answer 49

characterized by stiff dorsal rod called the notochord present at some stage of embryonic development. paired gill stilts and a tail extending beyond the anus at some point during development lancelets and tunicates are chordates not vertebrate.

Question 50

Vertebrate

Answer 50

most advanced subphylum of the chordates. vertebrates include amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish and mammals. having the same characteristics as chordates they also have bones that replace the notochord with a spine

Question 51

Fish

Answer 51

possess two chambered heart and gills and utilize external fertilization for reproduction.

Question 52

jawless fish

Answer 52

are eel-like, retain the notochord throughout life, and have a cartilaginious internal skeleton. no jaws and a sucking mouth. include the class Agnatha. ex hagfish

Question 53

cartilaginous fish

Answer 53

posses jaws and teeth. reduced notochord exists as segments between cartilaginous vertebrae. ex. shark

Question 54

bony fish

Answer 54

are the most prevalent type of fish. they have scales and lack a notochord in the adult form. during development cartilage is replaced by bony skeleton. ex. tuna, trout

Question 55

Amphibia

Answer 55

the larval stage is found in water, possess gills and a tail and has no legs. the adult lives on land and has lungs, two pairs of legs, no tail, three chambered heart and no scales and utilizes external fertilization. ex frog newt and salamander

Question 56

reptiles

Answer 56

terrestrial animals. breath by lungs an lay leathery eggs and utilize internal fertilization. Reptiles are poikilothermic and have scales and a 3chambered heart ex. turtle lizard and snakes

Question 57

birds

Answer 57

have a four chambered heart, warm blooded and their eggs are surrounded by shells. ex hen and eagles

Question 58

Mammals

Answer 58

warm blooded animals that feed their offspring with milk produced in the mammary glands.

Question 59

Monetremes

Answer 59

lay leather eggs, have horny bills and have milk glands with numerous openings but no nipples. ex. platypus and spiny anteater.

Question 60

Marsupials

Answer 60

pouched mammals. the embryo begins development in the uterus and completes development while attached to nipples in the abdominal pouch ex. kangaroo and opossum

Question 61

placental mammals

Answer 61

have embryo that develop fully in the uterus. The placenta attaches the embryo to the uterine wall and provides for the exchange of, food, oxygen and waste material. ex. bat, whale mouse and humans.