respiration

Question 1

aerobic respiration

Answer 1

• requires oxygen
• produces carbon dioxide
• lots of ATP

Question 2

anaerobic respiration

Answer 2

• absence of oxygen
• produces lactate or ethanol
• little bit of ATP

Question 3

4 stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 3

1. glycolysis
2. link reaction
3. krebs cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation

Question 4

what is glycolysis

Answer 4

the splitting of the 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon pyruvate

Question 5

what is the link reaction

Answer 5

3 carbon pyruvate molecule into a series of reactions which leads to the formation of acetylcoenzyme A (2 carbon molecule )

Question 6

what is the kerbs cycle

Answer 6

the introduction of acetylocoenzyme A into a cycle of oxidation- reduction reactions that yield same ATP and a large quantity of NADH and FAD

Question 7

what is oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 7

the use of electrons associated with reduced NAD and FAD, released from the krebs cycle to synthesize ATP with water produced as a by product

Question 8

where does glycolysis take place

Answer 8

the cytoplasm

Question 9

glycolysis process

Answer 9

1. phosperation of the glucose to glucose phosphate
2. spitting of the phosphorylated glucose
3. oxidation of triose phosphate
4. production of ATP

Question 10

1st stage of glycolysis

Answer 10

1. phosperation of the glucose to glucose phosphate
   - glucose made more reactive by adding 2 phosphate molecules which provides energy to activate glucose and lowers the activation energy for enzyme controlled reaction

Question 11

2nd stage of glycolysis

Answer 11

splitting of the phosphorylated glucose
- each glucose molecule is split into 3 carbon molecules (triose phosphate)

Question 12

3rd state of glycolysis

Answer 12

oxidation if triose phosphate
- hydrogen is removed for the TP and transferred to NAD to form NADH

Question 13

4th stage of glycolysis

Answer 13

production if ATP
- enzyme controlled reactions convert TP to pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATp are generated from ADP

Question 14

energy yield from glycolysis

Answer 14

• 2 molecules of ATP
• 2 molecules of NADH
• 2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 15

where does the link reaction take place

Answer 15

the matrix of the mitrocondria

Question 16

link reaction process

Answer 16

1. pyruvate is oxidized to acetate as it loses a co2 and 2 H+
2. H+ used by NAD to form NADH, later used to produce ATP
3. 2 carbon acetate combines with coenzyme A (COA) to produce acetylcoenzyme A

Question 17

equation for the link reaction

Answer 17

pyruvate + NAD + COA = acetyl COA + NADH + CO2

Question 18

where does the krebs cycle take place

Answer 18

the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 19

process of the krebs cycle

Answer 19

1. 2 carbon acetyl COA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to produce a 6 carbon molecule
2. 6 carbon molecule loses CO2 and H+ making a 4 carbon molecule and 1 ATp as a result of substrate level pgosperaltiaotion
3. 4 carbon molecule combines with a new acetyl COA to begin the cycle again

Question 20

significance of the krebs cycle

Answer 20

1. breaks down macromolecules into smaller ones (pyruvate to CO2)
2. produces hydrogen atoms leading to the production of ATP
3. regenerates the 4 carbon molecule that combines whit acetyl COA A which would accumulate otherwise

Question 21

site of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 21

mitrocondria

Question 22

what is an electron transfer chain

Answer 22

the transfer of electron down a chain and energy is released

Question 23

what happens during oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

1. H+ ions produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combine with NAD and FAD
2. NADH and FADH donate the elctrons they are carring to the first moluecue in the elctron trasfer chain
3. electrons pass along a chain of electon trasfer carrieer molucules in oxidation- reduction reactions, energy released causes the active transport H+ across the inner mitrodondrial memnbrane and into the intermenbranal space

Question 24

respiration of lipids process

Answer 24

1. lipid hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids
2. glycerol is phosphorylated and converted into triose phosphate
3. fatty acid is broken down into 2 carbon fragments and converted top acetyl CoA which enters the kerbs cycle
4. produces carbohydrates and H+ atoms
5. H+ atoms used to produce ATP during oxidation phosphorylation

Question 25

respiration if protiens process

Answer 25

1. protein hydrolysed into amino acids
2. amino group removed before entering the respiration pathway
3. 3 carbon compound converted to pyruvate
   4.4 and 5 carbon compound converted into intermediates in the Krebs cycle

Question 26

what happens in the absence of oxygen

Answer 26

the Krebs cycle or the electron transfer chain cannot continue as all the FAD and NAD will be reduced so no FAD or NAD can take up the H+ produced during the Krebs cycle

Question 27

what is pyruvate converted into in plants and small microorganism

Answer 27

• ethanol
• carbon dioxide

Question 28

what is pyruvate converted into in animals

Answer 28

lactate

Question 29

word equation for production of ethanol in plants

Answer 29

pyruvate + NADH = ethanol + CO2 + oxidaised NAD

Question 30

production of ethanol in plants

Answer 30

1. pyruvate molecule formed at the end of gycolysis loses CO2 and accepts H+ form NADH to produce ethanol

Question 31

word equation for production of lactate in animals

Answer 31

pyruvate + NADH = lactate + NADH

Question 32

what is oxygen debt

Answer 32

when oxygen is used up more rapidly than it can be supplied

Question 33

where is energy derived form in aerobic respiration

Answer 33

1. substrate level phsoperalatstion in glycolyosis and Krebs cycle
2. oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transfer chain

Question 34

where is energy derived form in anaerobic respiration

Answer 34

gycolysis only