20.6 Genome Project

Question 1

what is a genome

Answer 1

all the genetic material in an organism

Question 2

how much base pairs are in the human genome

Answer 2

• 3 million base pairs
• organised into 20,000 genes

Question 3

what is bioinformatics

Answer 3

• the science of collecting and analysing complex biological data
• uses computers to read, store and organise biological data at a faster rate
• utilise algorithms to analyse and interpret biological data

Question 4

what is whole genome shotgun (WGS)

Answer 4

• cutting DNA into small easily sequenced segments to assemble the entire genome
• rapid sequencing of the whole genome

Question 5

single nucleotide polymoprhisms (SNPs)

Answer 5

• over 1.4 million SNPs have been found in the human genome
• single based variations in the genome that are associated with disease and disorders
• medical screening of individuals has allowed quick identification of potential medical problems and for early intervention to treat them
• sequencing of DNA of different organisms have made it possible to establish the evolutionary links between species

Question 6

what is the proteome

Answer 6

• all the proteins produced in a given type of cell or organism at a given time under specific conditions

Question 7

why is determining the proteome of prokaryotic organisms like bacteria easy

Answer 7

1. The vast majority of prokaryotes have just one circular piece of DNA that is not associated with histone
2. there are none of the non coding portions of DNA which are typical of eukaryotic cells

Question 8

application if knowing the proteome of bacteria

Answer 8

1. identifacation if proteins that act as a ntigens on the surface of human pathogens
2. antigens can be used in vaccines agaisnt diesease casued by these pathogens
3. in vaccines antigens can be manufactured and administrated to people in appropriate doses
4. in response to antigens memory cells are produced which trigger a secondary response when the antigen is encountered on a second occasion

Question 9

determining the genome and proteome of complex organism

Answer 9

• genome of complex organisms contain non coding genes as well as others that have a role in regulating other genes
• in humans 1.5% of genes code for proteins
• all individual have different base sequences on their DNA so DNA mapped will differ for everyone