21.1 Producing DNA fragments Flashcards
1
Q
recombinant DNA
A
- the DNA of two different organisms that have been combined to produce a certain protein
- genetically modified organism
2
Q
genetic code is universal
A
- can be used by all living organisms
- explains why the coded information in the transferred DNA can be interpreted
3
Q
making of proteins is universal
A
- mechanisms of transcription and translation are the same in all living organisms
- indirect evidence for evolution
4
Q
stages for making proteins using th DNA technology of gene transfer and cloning
A
- isolation
- of the DNA fragments that have the gene for the desired protein - insertion
- of the DNA fragments into a vector - transformation
- of DNA into suitable host cells - identification
- of host cells that have successfully taken up the gene by use of gene markers - growth/ cloning
- of the population of host cells
5
Q
methods of producing DNA fragments
A
- conversion of mRNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase
- using restriction endonucleases to cut fragments containing the desired gene from DNA
- creating the gene in a gene machine based on a known protein structure
6
Q
using reverse transcriptase
A
- retrovirus genetic information is in the form of RNA
- in a host cell they are able to synthesis DNA from their RNA using revere transcriptase
7
Q
process of reverse transcriptase
A
- a cell that readily produces the protein is selected
- cells have large quantity of the relevant nRNA which is more readily extracted
- reverse transcriptase os then used to name DNA from RNA
- cDNA is made up of the nucleotides that are complementary to the mRNA
- DNA polymerase is used to build up the complementary nucleotides on the cDNA template
8
Q
using restriction endonucleases
A
- bacteria produces restriction endonucleases to cut up viral DNA to protect themselves from virus infections
- blunt end or sticky ends
- DNA is a palindrome
