21.1 Producing DNA fragments Flashcards

1
Q

recombinant DNA

A
  • the DNA of two different organisms that have been combined to produce a certain protein
  • genetically modified organism
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2
Q

genetic code is universal

A
  • can be used by all living organisms
  • explains why the coded information in the transferred DNA can be interpreted
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3
Q

making of proteins is universal

A
  • mechanisms of transcription and translation are the same in all living organisms
  • indirect evidence for evolution
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4
Q

stages for making proteins using th DNA technology of gene transfer and cloning

A
  1. isolation
    - of the DNA fragments that have the gene for the desired protein
  2. insertion
    - of the DNA fragments into a vector
  3. transformation
    - of DNA into suitable host cells
  4. identification
    - of host cells that have successfully taken up the gene by use of gene markers
  5. growth/ cloning
    - of the population of host cells
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5
Q

methods of producing DNA fragments

A
  1. conversion of mRNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase
  2. using restriction endonucleases to cut fragments containing the desired gene from DNA
  3. creating the gene in a gne machine based on a known protein structure
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6
Q

using reverse transcriptase

A
  • retrovirus genetic information is in the form of RNA
  • in a host cell they are able to synthesis DNA from their RNA using revere transcriptase
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7
Q

process of reverse transcriptase

A
  • a cell that readily produces the protein is selected
  • cells have large quantity of the relevant nRNA which is more readily extracted
  • reverse transcriptase os then used to name DNA from RNA
  • cDNA is made up of the nucleotides that are complementary to the mRNA
  • DNA polymerase is used to build up the complementary nucleotides on the cDNA template
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8
Q

using restriction endonucleases

A
  • bacteria produces restriction endonucleases to cut up viral DNA to protect themselves from virus infections
  • blunt end or sticky ends
  • DNA is a palindrome
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