Respiration

Question 1

Glycolysis (phase 1)
energy consuming /glucose activating phase
No.of steps?
Enzymes?
No of atp utilised?

Answer 1

Glucose [hexokinase] mg2+ ATP

glucose-6-phosphate

fructose-6-p [phosphofructokinase]mg2+ ATP

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate [aldose]

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate /glyceradalehyde-3-p

No.of steps 5
Enzymes 3
Atp used 2

Question 2

Glycolysis phase 2

Answer 2

MULTIPLY ALL BY 2

Glyceradalehyde-3-p [pgal]
Pgal dehydrogenase
H3P04
2H+ (redox equivalent ) + NAD*
NADH + H*

1,3bisphosphoglyceric acid [BPGA]
Atp produced
Kinase
3phosphoglyceric acid [PGA]
Mutase
2phosphoglyceric acid
Enolase
2phosphoenolpyruvate [pep]
Pyruvate kinase mg2* k*
Atp
Pyruvate/Pyruvate acid

A] Aerobic - acerlycoa(Krebs cycle)

B] anaerobic
1.ethanol (alcoholic fermentation)
2.lactic acid(lactate fermentation)

Question 3

Glycolysis general (glycolytic catabolism )
Aka?
Location?
In all living org?
Photosynthesis Relationship?

Total no.of steps (atp use produce nadh)
Total no.of redox equivalent
Number & type of atp formed
Net atp

Answer 3

EMP pathway -
embden meyerhoff Parnas

Cytoplasm

Yes - independent of oxygen

Photo > glucose > sucrose (endproduct) &raquo_space;>[invertase]
A. 1 glucose
B.2fructose
Enters glycolysis
Starch (storage poly)>glucose&raquo_space;glyco

Total 10 steps
Atp utilised in 1 and 3 step
Nadh produce in 6th step
Atp produce 7 and 10

Redox equivalent = 2×2=4

Direct atp [substrate level phosphorylation] > 2×2 =4
Net atp =4-2 = 2
Indirect atp 2NADH [6ATP]
Total atp gain = 8

Question 4

Krebs cycle
No.of major steps
Name compounds
Enzymes
What is produced / used

Answer 4

8 major steps [multiply w 2]
AcetylCoA condensation with Oxaloacetic acid
Produced > co2 nadh

1.OAA > citric acid
Enzyme > citrate synthase
USES H2O

2. Citric acid > cisaconitic acid
   Enzyme Fe aconitase
   Produces h20

Aconitic acid > isocitrate
Aconitase
Uses h20

3. Isocitrate > Oxalosuccinic acid
   Isocitrate dehydrogenase
   2H produces NADH

Isocitric acid > oxalosuccinic acid
Decarboxylase
Co2 produced

4. @Ketogluteratricacid >succinyl CoA
   @ketogluterase dehydrogenase
   2H > NADH
   Co2 produced
5. Succinly coA >
6. Succinyl CoA&raquo_space; succinic acid
   Thiokinase
   GDP to gTP to atp [substrate leve lphosphorylation ]

6Succinic acid > fumeric acid
Succinate dehydrogenase
FADH2

7Fumeric acid > Malic acid
Fumerase
Take up h20

8Mallic > oaa
Malate dehydrogenase
Nadh + h*

Question 5

Link reaction equation

Answer 5

Multiply by 2

Pyruvate + several coenzyme [ NAD* + coEnzymeA]
> acetyl coa + CO2 + NADH + H*
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE [Mg2*]

Question 6

Link reaction
Aka
Location
Atp synthesis

Answer 6

Oxidative decarboxylation/ gateway to Aerobic respiration
Prokaryotes> Cytoplasm
Euk>mito matrix
Atp indirect = 2×3 = 6atp