biological classification

Question 1

1st classification
given by
________ approach
criteria
division

Answer 1

Aristotle
scientific
morphological character
1. PLANT
herb
shrub
tree
2.ANIMAL
anaima rbc absent
enaima rbc present

Question 2

2 KINGDOM CLASF
given by
criteria
divison
why cell wall?
>organisms that didnt fall in any category

drawback

Answer 2

linnaeus
presence or absence of cell wall
1.PLANTAE
cell wall present
bacteria prok (mainly heterotroph)
fungi euk ( heterto)
2.ANIMALIA
protozoa(amoeba + paramecium)

easy to categorise

euglena didnt have cell wall but photosynthesis seen thus wasnt the best classification

drawback
> both prok and euk in same kingdom
> autotroph and heterotroph undifferentiated
>multi and unicellular same kingdom
- algae
multi- spirogyra
uni- chlorella chlamydomonas
fungi mainly multicellular

> cell wall composition of fungi and plant diff

Question 3

three kingdom classification
given by
division

Answer 3

Haeckel
1.protista unicellular
- chlorella and chlamydomonas
-protozoa
bacteria
fungus
1st time chlorella chlamydomonas
amoeba and paramecium in same kingdom
2. plantae
3. animalia

Question 4

4 kingdom classification
division

Answer 4

1.plantae
2.animalia
3.protista
4. Monera
>bacteria
>blue green algae
>archaebacteria

Question 5

5 kingdom classification
date
given by
divison
chlorella chlamy amoeba and paramecium location?

Answer 5

1969
RH WHITTAKER
1.plantae
2.animalia
3.protista
4.monera
5.fungi

protista

Question 6

criteria MPFPA for 5 kingdom classification

non criteria

Answer 6

criteria
1.cell structure
M prok
P euk
F euk
P euk
A euk
2. body organization
M Unicellular
P unicellular
F mostly multicellular
yeast ( unicellular)
loose tissue
P multi
tissue + organ
A multi
organ system
3.reproduction
M asexual
P asex + sex
F asex + sex
P asex ( vegetative) + sex
A sexual only
4.nutrition
M
photoautotroph
chemoautotroph
heterotroph mainly
P
photoautotroph
heterotroph (saprophytic/parasitic/holozoic)
F
heterotroph( sapro + parasitic )

P
autotrophic
A
heterotrophic (sapro / parasitic/ holozoic)
5. phylogeny (evolutionary history)

non criteria
cell wall comp
M non cellulose
P cellulosic
F NC
P C
A absent

Question 7

six kingdom classification
given by
division
no.of domains

Answer 7

CARL WOES
monera
DOMAIN 1 ARACHE
>archarbacteria (primitive)

DOMAIN 2 BACTERIA
>eubacteria

DOMAIN 3 EUKARYA
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia

NO.OF DOMS =3

Question 8

MONERA
1.Sole member
2.found everywhere? number of bac in handful of soil
3.most harsh conditions
4. shape
5. structure + behaviour
6.nutrition
photolitho autotroph
>types
chemosynthetic autotroph
chemical co2 inorg compound
>types
>eg of nitrifying bacteria
heterotrophic
>types
>nitrogen fixation examples
>parasitic diseases
7. reproduction
favorable condition & unfavorable condition
8.
>sort of sexual reproduction known as ______________
>types

Answer 8

1.bacteria
2. yes 100
3.
hot spring
desert
cold
deep ocean
4.
coccus
bacillus
vibrio
spirillum
5.simple + complex
6.
>photolitho autotroph
light co2 H2S (electron proton source)
a) purple sulphur bacteria
b)green sulphur bacteria

> chemosynthetic autotroph
chemical co2 inorg compound
a)nitrifying bacteria
ammonia to nitrite nitrosomonas+nitrococcus
nitrite to nitrate
nitrobacter+nitrocystis

b) iron bacteria
c) sulphur bacteria

> heterotrophic
a) mostly saprophytic (decomposers)

b) human welfare

c) nitrogen fixation
-symbiotic (when free living aerobic)
anaerobic in symbiosis
RHIZOBIUM
FRANKIA
- free living aerobic
azotobacter
beijerinckia
rhodospirillum
- free living anaerobic
clostridium

d)parasitic
typhoid- salmonella
cholera-vibrio
tetanus-clostridium
citrus conker- xanthomonas citri

REPRODUCTION
asexual
favorable condition - binary fission (AMITOSIS)dna rep prior to fission
unfavorable condition-spore formation ( ENDOSPORE)

8. primitive dna transfer (genetic recomb)
   sort of sexual reproduction
   1.conjugation
   transfer via conjugation tube

2.transformation
dna from solution to bacteria

3.transduction
transfer through virus

Question 9

rhizobium
gram strain
shape
location

Answer 9

g-
rod like
root of legumes

Question 10

frankia
gram strain
shape
location

Answer 10

g+
filamentous
roots of non legumes ( alnus + casurina)

Question 11

ARCHAEBACTERIA
1. why can they survive in harsh or adverse conditions
2. diff between archae and eubac
>cell wall
>histone protein
>lipid in cell membrane
3. types
obligate anaerobic?

Answer 11

1. > different cell wall structure
   branched chain lipid
   2.
   cell wall
   A pseudomrein
   E peptidoglycan/murein
   histone protein
   A present
   E absent
   lipid in cell membrane
   A branched lipid
   E straight chain lipid

3.
methanogens
>marshy regions
>rumen- methanobacterium / rumenococcus(symbiotic)
halophiles
>saline conditions
thermoacidophiles
>high temp
>low ph
‘methanogen - OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC

Question 12

MYCOPLASMA
1 cell wall
2 shape
3 penicillin
4 discovery
5 is it bacteria?
6 is it virus
7 can survive in absence of oxygen?
8 pathogenic?

1 cell wall comp
2 ribosome
3 histone
4 non histone protein
5 nucleolus
6 nuclear membrane
7 true chromosome
8 false chromosome
9 membrane bound organelles
10 chlorophyll

Answer 12

1 NO
2 no def shape – PLEOMORPHIC
3 insensitive
4 cattle pleural fluid – pneumonia –PPLO aka mycoplasma
5 no , can pass thru bacterial filter
6 no, it can grow on synthetic medium
7 yes
8 yeah

1 no
2 70s
3 x
4 yes
5 x
6 x
7 x
8 ds circular naked sometimes linear
9 x
10 x no photosynthesis

Question 13

smallest cell / smallest prok

Answer 13

mycoplasma

Question 14

blue green algae

1 cell wall comp
2 ribosome
3 histone
4 non histone protein
5 nucleolus
6 nuclear membrane
7 true chromosome
8 false chromosome
9 membrane bound organelles
10 chlorophyll
11 pigment
12 red colour of red sea due to
13 phycobillins
14 forms
15 habitat

Answer 14

1 peptidoglycon (many layers)
2 70s
3 no
4 yes
5 no
6 no
7 no
8 ds circular naked
9 no
10 chlorophyll a oxygenic photosynthesis
11 chla carotene xanthophyll
12 trichodesmium
13 phycobillins water soluble pigs
> c-phycocynin (blue)
>c-phycoerythrin (red)
14
unicellular
colonial
filamentous
15
fresh water
marine
terrestrial

Question 15

bacteria
1 cell wall comp
2 ribosome
3 histone
4 non histone protein
5 nucleolus
6 nuclear membrane
7 true chromosome
8 false chromosome
9 membrane bound organelles
10 chlorophyll

Answer 15

1 peptidoglycon
2 70s
3 x
4 yes
5 x
6 x
7 x
8 ds circular naked
9 x
10 x (bacteriophyll) non oxygenic photosyn

Question 16

BGA richest source of protein space food
space food

Answer 16

spirulina

Question 17

nostoc/anabaena symbiosis with pteridophyte
gymnosperm

aulosira

Answer 17

leaves of azolla –increase rice production
corolloid root of cycas

free living increase rice

Question 18

water or algal bloom
heterocyst

Answer 18

excessive growth of bga in polluted h2o . and consumption of oxygen danger to aquatic life

some filamentous algae(nostoc)
large specialized cells thick wall impermeable to o2
NOSTOC
ENZYME- Nitrogenase

Question 19

PROTISTA
1 general characters
2 habitat
3 some biologist call them
4 boundary
5 nucleus
6 membrane bound organelle
7 movement
8 reproduction
sexual
asexual
9
10

Answer 19

1 unicell euk
2 mostly aquatic
3 some biologist call them
plants cuz chlorophyll
some call them photosynthetic protists
4 boundary not well defined as they show characters of plant animal and fungi
5 nucleus well defined
6 membrane bound organelle yes
7 cilia flagella pseudopodia
8 reproduction
sexual
-gamete fusion
-zygote
asexual
binary fission

Question 20

CHRYSOPHYTES
1 includes___&______
2habitat
3 movement
4cell wall
5 nutrition mode
6 hard substance on sea floor
7 chief producer in ocean
8 pigment
9 texture
10 uses

Answer 20

1 includes diatoms and desmids(golden algae)
2 marine and fresh water
3 water current (plankton)
4cell wall 2 soap box shape embedded with silica thus indestructible
5 nutrition mode mostly photosyn
6cell wall at botteom ..hard layer known as diatomaceous earth /diatomite/kelselgurh
7 phytoplankton
8 chla and chlc
9 gritty / hard
10
filteration of oil
stone polishing