biodiversity and conservation Flashcards
more than _______ species of
1 ant
2 beetles
3 fishes
4 orchids
1 20K
2 300K
3 28K
4 20K
> why are there so many species
> did this great diversity always exist throughout earths history
> how did diversification occur
> how and why is diversity important to bio sphere
> would biosphere function
differently if diversity much less
> how do humans benefit for diversity of life
different habitats and climatic conditions
no … species become extinct after sometime due to natural + manmade disturbances
due to variation in genetic material leading to evolution and speciation
without insect no pollination plant extinct
less diversity —> unstable ecosystem
human get o2 from plant
________ exists at all levels of biological classification ranging from macromolecules to biomes
biosphere organization
what is biome and its examples
what did edward wilson do
important levels of diversity
heterogeneity
organism> population> community > ecosystem >biome > biosphere
its a large ecosystem
tropical rain forest
temperate region
grassland
desert
arctic region
> coined the term biodiversity
to describe combined diversity at all levels of biological classification
> genetic diversity
species diversity
ecological diversity
genetic diversity
>shown by single species which is
>difference in terms of
>diff due to
india has MORE THAN _____ varieties of
1 rice
2 mango
> RAUWOLFIA VOMITORIA
conc + potency of chemical reserpine
mutation+ crossing over
1 50K
2 1K
species diversity
>factors its controlled by
> example
>
- species richness(stable ecosystem)
- species eveness ( different types of species )
> western ghats has greater amphibian species diversity than eastern ghats
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
>aka
> what happens when greater area
> less ecosystem diversity in
> examples of greater ecological diversity
> community diversityincrease in area> increases in food chains> trophic levels increase> increase energy flow> increase in no.of niche(profession)
> scandinavian countries like norway
> desert
rain forest
wetlands
coral reefs
mangroves
estuaries
alpine meadows
we could lose all diversity in less than ________ due to present rate of species losses
2 centuries ( 200 yrs)
no.of species on earth and no.of species in india cant be known exact but
> no.of discovered species of
plants and animals more than
> species inventories more complete in ______ than ________ regions
> biologists make statistical comparison of temperate-tropical species
richness of an exhaustively studied group of_________ and extrapolate this
ratio to other groups of animals and plants to come up with a gross
estimate
extreme estimates were
conservative and scientific estimate by robert may
> 1.5 Million
temperate than tropics ( due to large no.of species)
insects
20- 50 M
7 M
___ percent of recorded species are
1 animals (more than)
2 plants ( no more than)
in animals most species rich taxonomic group is______ making up more than _____% of total
due to ________
number of ______ species (_______) is more than the combined total of the
of fishes (____), amphibians(______), reptiles(_____) and mammals(______)
Biologists are not sure about how many __________species
there might be. The problem is that conventional taxonomic methods are
not suitable for identifying the species and many species are simply
not culturable under ________ due to ________
1 70
2 22
>
- insect
- 70
- chitinous exoskeleton
> fungi 72K
fish 28k
amphibians 4780
reptiles 7150
mammals 4650
> prokaryotic
laboratory conditions
lack of nutrient media
India has only ____% of the world’s land area, its share
of the global species diversity is _____% That is what makes india one of the _____ mega diversity countries of the world
_____ no.of species of plants
_____ no.of species of animals
only_____% of the total species have been recorded so far. Applying this proportion to India’s diversity figures, we estimate that there are probably
more than _________ plant species and
___________ animal species
yet to be discovered
Would we ever be able to complete the inventory of the biological wealth of our country?
2.4
8.1
12
45K
90K
22
1 LAKH
3 LAKH
no …and some species will go extinct before we even discover them
Patterns of Biodiversity
latitudinal gradients
species area relationships
species area relationship
> given by
> relationship between
> shape of graph
> on log scale shape
> example
> formula
>value of Z lies in the range of ______
regardless of the taxonomic group or the
region
in ___________ you will
find that the slope of the line to be much steeper
Z values in the range
____________.
For example, for frugivorous birds and
mammals in the tropical forests Z is________
> alexander von humboldt
species richness and explored area
rectangular hyperbola
straight lineangiosperm
birds
bats
freshwater fishlog S = logC + ZlogA
S- species richness
A - area
Z - regression coefficient
C- Y intercept
> 0.1 - 0. 2
> -very large areas
-0.6-1.2
- 1.15
LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS
>max diversity at the
> no.of species at
1 colombia
2 new york 41N
3 greenland 71N
> India, with much of its land area in the _________
region , has more than _________ species of birds.
> A forest in a tropical
region like
EQUADOR has up to ________ times as many species of vascular plants as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.
> The largely tropical ________ rain forest in _______ has the greatest biodiversity on earth- it is home to more than
__________ plants,
_______ fishes,
_______birds,
______mammals+amphib
_________ reptiles __________invertebrates. ___________ insect species waiting to be
discovered and named.
> REASONS FOR TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY
a) speciation
-its a function of ______
- diff from temperate
b) environment
- diff from temperate
c) solar energy
> equator
( decreases towards poles)
> 1 tropical - 1400
2 temperate - 105
3 pole arctic - 56
> tropical
1200
> 10 times
> amazon
south america
plants - 40 K
fishes - 3K
birds- 1.3 K
mammals+amphib - 427
reptiles - 378
invertebrates. 1.25LAKH
2 MILLION insect species
> a) speciation
- time
- temperate region -freq glaciations
tropical region undisturbed for millions of yrs thus had a long time for species diversification
b) environment
- temperate regions are seasonal
tropics are more constant and predictable hence promote NICHE SPECIALISATION which increases diversity
c) solar energy
more in tropics thus increases productivity thus increases diversity l
REASONS FOR TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY
a) speciation
b) environment
c) solar energy
importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem
criteria for stability
david tilman
- _________ experiment
-used
- results
biodiversity is imp for ecosys health as well ass for the survival of ______ this planet
RIVET POPPER HYPOTHESIS
-given by
-airplane
- rivet
-rivet chair
-rivet wing
greater the diversity more stable ecosystem
> -negligible variation in productivity every yr
-resistant to disturbances
-resistant to alien species invasion
> -long term ecosys
-outdoor plots
- more the species
less variation in total biomass
higher productivity
> human race
RIVET POPPER HYPOTHESIS
-paul ehrlich
-airplane - ecosystem
- rivet - species
-rivet chair - normal species
-rivet wing - key species
