biodiversity and conservation

Question 1

more than _______ species of
1 ant
2 beetles
3 fishes
4 orchids

Answer 1

1 20K
2 300K
3 28K
4 20K

Question 2

> why are there so many species

> did this great diversity always exist throughout earths history

> how did diversification occur

> how and why is diversity important to bio sphere

> would biosphere function
differently if diversity much less

> how do humans benefit for diversity of life

Answer 2

different habitats and climatic conditions

no … species become extinct after sometime due to natural + manmade disturbances

due to variation in genetic material leading to evolution and speciation

without insect no pollination plant extinct

less diversity —> unstable ecosystem

human get o2 from plant

Question 3

________ exists at all levels of biological classification ranging from macromolecules to biomes

biosphere organization

what is biome and its examples

what did edward wilson do

important levels of diversity

Answer 3

heterogeneity

organism> population> community > ecosystem >biome > biosphere

its a large ecosystem
tropical rain forest
temperate region
grassland
desert
arctic region

> coined the term biodiversity
to describe combined diversity at all levels of biological classification

> genetic diversity
species diversity
ecological diversity

Question 4

genetic diversity
>shown by single species which is
>difference in terms of
>diff due to

india has MORE THAN _____ varieties of
1 rice
2 mango

Answer 4

> RAUWOLFIA VOMITORIA
conc + potency of chemical reserpine
mutation+ crossing over

1 50K
2 1K

Question 5

species diversity
>factors its controlled by
> example

Answer 5

>

• species richness(stable ecosystem)
• species eveness ( different types of species )

> western ghats has greater amphibian species diversity than eastern ghats

Question 6

ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
>aka
> what happens when greater area
> less ecosystem diversity in
> examples of greater ecological diversity

Answer 6

> community diversityincrease in area> increases in food chains> trophic levels increase> increase energy flow> increase in no.of niche(profession)

> scandinavian countries like norway

> desert
rain forest
wetlands
coral reefs
mangroves
estuaries
alpine meadows

Question 7

we could lose all diversity in less than ________ due to present rate of species losses

Answer 7

2 centuries ( 200 yrs)

Question 8

no.of species on earth and no.of species in india cant be known exact but

> no.of discovered species of
plants and animals more than

> species inventories more complete in ______ than ________ regions

> biologists make statistical comparison of temperate-tropical species
richness of an exhaustively studied group of_________ and extrapolate this
ratio to other groups of animals and plants to come up with a gross
estimate
extreme estimates were
conservative and scientific estimate by robert may

Answer 8

> 1.5 Million
temperate than tropics ( due to large no.of species)
insects
20- 50 M
7 M

Question 9

___ percent of recorded species are
1 animals (more than)
2 plants ( no more than)

in animals most species rich taxonomic group is______ making up more than _____% of total
due to ________

number of ______ species (_______) is more than the combined total of the
of fishes (____), amphibians(______), reptiles(_____) and mammals(______)

Biologists are not sure about how many __________species
there might be. The problem is that conventional taxonomic methods are
not suitable for identifying the species and many species are simply
not culturable under ________ due to ________

Answer 9

1 70
2 22

>

• insect
• 70
• chitinous exoskeleton

> fungi 72K
fish 28k
amphibians 4780
reptiles 7150
mammals 4650

> prokaryotic
laboratory conditions
lack of nutrient media

Question 10

India has only ____% of the world’s land area, its share
of the global species diversity is _____% That is what makes india one of the _____ mega diversity countries of the world

_____ no.of species of plants
_____ no.of species of animals

only_____% of the total species have been recorded so far. Applying this proportion to India’s diversity figures, we estimate that there are probably
more than _________ plant species and
___________ animal species
yet to be discovered

Would we ever be able to complete the inventory of the biological wealth of our country?

Answer 10

2.4
8.1
12

45K
90K

22
1 LAKH
3 LAKH

no …and some species will go extinct before we even discover them

Question 11

Patterns of Biodiversity

Answer 11

latitudinal gradients

species area relationships

Question 12

species area relationship
> given by
> relationship between
> shape of graph
> on log scale shape
> example
> formula
>value of Z lies in the range of ______
regardless of the taxonomic group or the
region

in ___________ you will
find that the slope of the line to be much steeper
Z values in the range
____________.
For example, for frugivorous birds and
mammals in the tropical forests Z is________

Answer 12

> alexander von humboldt
species richness and explored area
rectangular hyperbola
straight lineangiosperm
birds
bats
freshwater fishlog S = logC + ZlogA

S- species richness
A - area
Z - regression coefficient
C- Y intercept

> 0.1 - 0. 2

> -very large areas
-0.6-1.2
- 1.15

Question 13

LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS
>max diversity at the

> no.of species at
1 colombia
2 new york 41N
3 greenland 71N

> India, with much of its land area in the _________
region , has more than _________ species of birds.

> A forest in a tropical
region like
EQUADOR has up to ________ times as many species of vascular plants as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.

> The largely tropical ________ rain forest in _______ has the greatest biodiversity on earth- it is home to more than
__________ plants,
_______ fishes,
_______birds,
______mammals+amphib
_________ reptiles __________invertebrates. ___________ insect species waiting to be
discovered and named.

> REASONS FOR TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY
a) speciation
-its a function of ______
- diff from temperate
b) environment
- diff from temperate
c) solar energy

Answer 13

> equator
( decreases towards poles)

> 1 tropical - 1400
2 temperate - 105
3 pole arctic - 56

> tropical
1200

> 10 times

> amazon
south america
plants - 40 K
fishes - 3K
birds- 1.3 K
mammals+amphib - 427
reptiles - 378
invertebrates. 1.25LAKH
2 MILLION insect species

> a) speciation
- time
- temperate region -freq glaciations
tropical region undisturbed for millions of yrs thus had a long time for species diversification
b) environment
- temperate regions are seasonal
tropics are more constant and predictable hence promote NICHE SPECIALISATION which increases diversity

c) solar energy
more in tropics thus increases productivity thus increases diversity l

Question 14

REASONS FOR TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY

Answer 14

a) speciation
b) environment
c) solar energy

Question 15

importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem

criteria for stability

david tilman
- _________ experiment
-used
- results

biodiversity is imp for ecosys health as well ass for the survival of ______ this planet

RIVET POPPER HYPOTHESIS
-given by
-airplane
- rivet
-rivet chair
-rivet wing

Answer 15

greater the diversity more stable ecosystem

> -negligible variation in productivity every yr
-resistant to disturbances
-resistant to alien species invasion

> -long term ecosys
-outdoor plots
- more the species
less variation in total biomass
higher productivity

> human race

RIVET POPPER HYPOTHESIS
-paul ehrlich
-airplane - ecosystem
- rivet - species
-rivet chair - normal species
-rivet wing - key species

Question 16

reasons to conserve biodiversity

Answer 16

narrowly utilitarian
broadly utilitarian
ethical

Question 17

why to conserve biodiversity

a. narrowly utilitarian
- elaborate
- More than___% cent of the drugs sold in the market worldwide are derived from plants and ___________species of plants contribute to the traditional medicines used by natives
- what is bioprospecting

b. broadly utilitarian
- elaborate
- amazon rain forest produces ______% of total oxygen in earths atmp
- other examples

c. ethical argument

Answer 17

narrowly utilitarian
-humans derive direct economic benefits
food
industrial products
medicinal
construction material
- 25%
25K
- exploring molecular genetic and species level diversity for products of economic importance

broadly utilitarian
- ecosystem services provided by nature
-20%
-
pollination - for fruits seeds flowers
aesthetic pleasure

ethical argument
- every species has an intrinsic value, even if it may not be of current or any economic value to us.

We have a moral duty to care for their well-being
and pass on our biological legacy in good order to future generations.

Question 18

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

INSITU
- why
- biodiversity hotspot
>significance
> initial no.of hotspots
finals number of hotspots
>3 hotspots in INDIA

> These hotspots are also regions of _______
all the biodiversity hotspots put together cover less then ___% of the earth’s land area, the number of species they collectively harbour is extremely high and strict protection of these hotspots could
reduce the ongoing mass extinctions by almost___%

in india no.of
> biosphere reserves
- integral component
-launched
- MAB
- Divided into 3 zones

> national parks
-floral or fauna
- prohibition

> wild life sanctuaries
- what is protected
- what can be collected

> location of sacred groves in india

EXSITU
- what
- advancements
- examples

Answer 18

-number of species
waiting to be saved from extinction far exceeds the conservation resources
available
- high species richness and high endemism (species not found anywhere else and confined only there)
-
i- 25
f- 34
-
> western ghats+ srilanka
> indo burma
> himalaya

> -accelerated habitat loss
- 2%
-30%

> biosphere reserves 14
- tribal ppl
-1975
- Man and biosphere programme
- Divided int0 (in to out)
CORE undisturbed + legal protection
BUFFER - research and educational work
TRANSITION forestry and economic uses

> national parks 90
-both
- habitat manipulation
grazing
felling of tree

> wild life sanctuaries 448
- fauna
- forest products
timber harvesting

> sacred groves
- khasi jaintia MEGHALAYA
( LAST REFUGES)
- aravalli RAJASTHAN
- western ghats KA + MH
-sarguja chanda bastar MP

EXSITU
-threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting
where they can be protected and given special care
- gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation
eggs can be fertilised in
vitro
plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods.
Seeds can be kept
for long periods in seed banks
-
> zoological parks
> botanical gardens
> wildlife safari parks

Question 19

> Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is
therefore a collective responsibility of ________
convention on biodiversity conservation
1 earth summit
- held at
- year
- for
2 world summit
- held at
- year
- for
-________ countries pledged their commitment
to achieve by ________, a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity
loss

Answer 19

> all nations1 earth summit
- rio de janeiro
- 1992
- asked all nations to take appropriate measures for
conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits

2 world summit
- Johannesburg, South Africa
- 2002
- sustainable development
-
19
2010

Question 20

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSSES
known as
most imp cause

Answer 20

EVIL QUARTET (chaos)
-Co-extinctions
-Habitat loss and fragmentation
-Alien species invasions
-Over-exploitation

Habitat loss and fragmentation most imp

Question 21

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSSES
a. Co-extinctions
- explain
- example
b. Habitat loss and fragmentation
-most dramatic example
- covering more than ___ % of the earth’s land surface, these rain forests now cover no more than ___%
- amazon rainforest
> aka
> being cleared for
- habitat fragmentation due to human activities lead to population decline due to
c. Alien species invasions
- explain
- example
- invasive weed species
d. Over-exploitation
- explain
- example

Answer 21

a. When a species becomes extinct, the plant and
animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct
eg
fish-parasite
plant- pllinator

b.
-tropical rain forest
-
14%
6%
- amazon rainforest
> lungs of the planet
> cultivation of soya beans / conversion to grasslands for raising beef cattle
- bad affect of organisms requiring large territories and certain animals with migratory habits

c. some turn invasive and cause extinction of indigenous species
eg
nile perch-cichlid fish
in lake victoria EAST AFRICA extinction of 200 sp of cichlid fish
clarias gariepinus-indigenous catfish
african catfish for aquaculture

parthenium- carrot grass
eicchornia - water hyacinth
lantana

d over exploitation
need’ turns to ‘greed’
eg
stellar sea cow

passenger pigeon
marine fish

Question 22

loss of biodiversity in a region may lead to

Answer 22

a.decline in plant production
b.lowered resistance to environmental perturbations (drought)
c. increased variability in certain ecosystem processes
plant prod
water use
pest
disease

Question 23

-number of extinctions
- diff due to
- if the present trends continue,
nearly______of all the species on earth might be wiped out within the next
______ years.

Answer 23

5 mass extinctions prehuman
6th extinction in progress
- rate
current 100 to 1000 times faster due to human activities
-
half
100

Question 24

_______ more vulnerable to extinction
________species world-wide are facing the threat of extinction.

% facing threat of extinction
bird
mammal
amphibian
gymnosperm

Answer 24

amphibians

15.5 K

bird 12
mammal 23
amphibian 32
gymnosperm 31

Question 25

The IUCN Red
List (2004)
documents the extinction of ________ species
-invertebrates
-vertebrates
- plants
in the last 500 years.

> examples of recent extinctions

> The last twenty years alone
have witnessed the disappearance of ____ species.

> colonisation of tropical ________ by humans is said to have led to
the extinction of more than ______ species of ______

Answer 25

> 784
-invertebrates 359
-vertebrates 338
- plants 87dodo mauritius

quagga africa

thylacine australia

stellars sea cow russia

three subspecies of tiger
bali javan caspian

> 27

> pacific islands
2000
native birds