respiration Flashcards
what is the word equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water
what is the difference between anabolism and catabolism
anabolism is building up, whilst catabolism is breaking down
why do we need energy
- active transport
- endocytosis
- exocytosis
- synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones
- replication of DNA
- muscle contraction in movement
- activation of chemicals
what do we call the reaction where we convert ATP -> ADP and Pi
hydrolysis
what type of reaction is ADP + Pi to ATP
condensation
does the reaction of ADP + Pi to ATP require energy
yes
name the enzyme involved in the reaction of ADP + Pi to ATP
ATP synthase
what is substrate level phosphorylation
a phosphate group, is transferred from donor molecule to ADP to make ATP, it takes place during respiration in the cytoplasm, during glycolysis and in the matrix during the kerbs cycle.
what is oxidative phosphorylation
it takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane of a plant and animal cell, and it is the formation of ATP, by the addition of Pi in the presence of oxygen
what is photophosphorylation
this is the making of ATP from ADP and Pi in the presence of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis and it occurs in the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplasts
what is a redox reaction
where electrons are lost or gained
what are the 3 ways, by which oxidation reactions can occur
- H+ loss (hydrogen)
- e- loss (electrons)
- oxygen is added
what are the 3 ways by which reduction reactions, can occur
- gain of hydrogen
- gain of electrons
- loss of oxygen
what are the similarities between NAD+ and ATP
- both contain nitrogenous base adenine
- both contain phosphate group
- both contain ribose
what are coenzymes and how are they involved in metabolic reactions
- small organic, non - protein molecules that bind temporarily to the active site, either before or when the substrate binds and helps the enzymes
what are the differences between NAD+ and ATP
- ATP has 3 phosphates and NAD+ has 2
- ATP is a nucleotide and NAD + is a dinucleotide
- NAD+ has two nitrogenous bases whilst ATP has one
what is glycolysis
first stage of respiration, converts glucose into pyruvate (anaerobic process), that occurs in aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
what are the products of glycolysis
- pyruvate
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
explain how glycolysis involves oxidation although its an anaerobic process
due to triose phosphate being oxidised in order to from pyruvate
describe the role of NAD during glycolysis
gets reduced as TP (triose phosphate) gets oxidised
where does glycolysis take place
in the cytoplasm
what are the two ways, that we can re oxidise the reduced NAD with oxygen
- animals - lactate fermentation pathway
- fungi - fungi - ethanol fermentation pathway
lactate fermentation pathway
- pyruvate is being used as a H acceptor
- NADH is being oxidised
ethanol fermentation pathway
- the removal of a carbon dioxide molecule is decarboxylation
- the coenzyme that is associated with pyruvate decarboxylase is thiamine diphosphate
- ethanol accepts the hydrogen ions
- the enzyme ethanol dehydrogenase reduces ethanol + re oxidises NAD