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biology a level OCR > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water

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2
Q

what is the difference between anabolism and catabolism

A

anabolism is building up, whilst catabolism is breaking down

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3
Q

why do we need energy

A
  • active transport
  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis
  • synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones
  • replication of DNA
  • muscle contraction in movement
  • activation of chemicals
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4
Q

what do we call the reaction where we convert ATP -> ADP and Pi

A

hydrolysis

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5
Q

what type of reaction is ADP + Pi to ATP

A

condensation

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6
Q

does the reaction of ADP + Pi to ATP require energy

A

yes

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7
Q

name the enzyme involved in the reaction of ADP + Pi to ATP

A

ATP synthase

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8
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

a phosphate group, is transferred from donor molecule to ADP to make ATP, it takes place during respiration in the cytoplasm, during glycolysis and in the matrix during the kerbs cycle.

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9
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

it takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane of a plant and animal cell, and it is the formation of ATP, by the addition of Pi in the presence of oxygen

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10
Q

what is photophosphorylation

A

this is the making of ATP from ADP and Pi in the presence of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis and it occurs in the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplasts

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11
Q

what is a redox reaction

A

where electrons are lost or gained

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12
Q

what are the 3 ways, by which oxidation reactions can occur

A
  • H+ loss (hydrogen)
  • e- loss (electrons)
  • oxygen is added
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13
Q

what are the 3 ways by which reduction reactions, can occur

A
  • gain of hydrogen
  • gain of electrons
  • loss of oxygen
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14
Q

what are the similarities between NAD+ and ATP

A
  • both contain nitrogenous base adenine
  • both contain phosphate group
  • both contain ribose
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15
Q

what are coenzymes and how are they involved in metabolic reactions

A
  • small organic, non - protein molecules that bind temporarily to the active site, either before or when the substrate binds and helps the enzymes
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16
Q

what are the differences between NAD+ and ATP

A
  • ATP has 3 phosphates and NAD+ has 2
  • ATP is a nucleotide and NAD + is a dinucleotide
  • NAD+ has two nitrogenous bases whilst ATP has one
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17
Q

what is glycolysis

A

first stage of respiration, converts glucose into pyruvate (anaerobic process), that occurs in aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

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18
Q

what are the products of glycolysis

A
  • pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
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19
Q

explain how glycolysis involves oxidation although its an anaerobic process

A

due to triose phosphate being oxidised in order to from pyruvate

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20
Q

describe the role of NAD during glycolysis

A

gets reduced as TP (triose phosphate) gets oxidised

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21
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in the cytoplasm

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22
Q

what are the two ways, that we can re oxidise the reduced NAD with oxygen

A
  • animals - lactate fermentation pathway
  • fungi - fungi - ethanol fermentation pathway
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23
Q

lactate fermentation pathway

A
  • pyruvate is being used as a H acceptor
  • NADH is being oxidised
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24
Q

ethanol fermentation pathway

A
  • the removal of a carbon dioxide molecule is decarboxylation
  • the coenzyme that is associated with pyruvate decarboxylase is thiamine diphosphate
  • ethanol accepts the hydrogen ions
  • the enzyme ethanol dehydrogenase reduces ethanol + re oxidises NAD
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25
Q

where does the link reaction occur

A

matrix

26
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

matrix

27
Q

where does the oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

28
Q

what is the link reaction

A

pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria, by a pyruvate - H+ symport

29
Q

what does a pyruvate- H+ symport do

A

transports both together (pyruvate and H+) across into the mitochondria

30
Q

what does decarboxylate mean

A

removal of carboxyl group

31
Q

what does dehydrogenated mean

A

removal of hydrogen atoms

32
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that causes dehydrogenation of pyruvate called

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

33
Q

what are the products of the link reaction

A
  • 2 x acetyl coA
  • 2 carbon dioxide released
  • 2 reduced NAD
34
Q

what is the Krebs cycle

A

a series of enzyme catalysed reactions that oxidise the acetyl group of acetyl coA

35
Q

what are the products of the Krebs cycle

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 reduced NAD
  • 2 reduced FAD
  • 4 C02
36
Q

what is the role of NAD+ and FAD

A

there job, is to carry protons and electrons that are required for oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

what are the 4 main roles of the Krebs cycle

A
  • break down macromolecules into simpler ones, pyruvate is broken down into acetate.
  • it produces H atoms that are carried by NAD (and FAD) to the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation and production of ATP by chemiosmosis, which provides metabolic energy for the cell
  • it regenerates the starter material (oxaloacetate), which would otherwise, be completely used up
  • it is a source of intermediate compounds, used by cell in the manufacture of other important substances such as fatty acids, amino Acids and chlorophyll.
38
Q

describe what happens in the link reaction

A
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated by pyruvate decarboxylase. 1 carbon is removed per pyruvate. This is the origin of some of the carbon dioxide.
  • pyruvate is dehydrogenated by pyruvate dehydrogenase. 1 hydrogen atoms are removed per pyruvate overall reducing 2 molecules of NAD per one glucose molecule
  • decarboxylation and dehydrogenation creates an acetyl group (acetate)
  • this combines with coenzyme A (coA) to become acetyl CoA, which carries the acetyl group to the Krebs cycle
39
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP, by adding a phosphate group to ADP, in the presence of oxygen, which is the final electron and proton acceptor.

40
Q

what is the role of NAD and FAD in oxidative phosphorylation

A

provide the protons and electrons necessary for the process of oxidative phosphorylation to occur.

41
Q

outline how water is made at the end of the electron transport chain (ETC)

A
  • electrons are passed from the electron carrier and donated to oxygen and hydrogen ions are also added to enable oxygen to be reduced to water
42
Q

why is oxygen necessary for oxidative phosphorylation

A

final electron carrier (donator/acceptor

43
Q

explain why their is a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial

A

as it allows ATP to be generate as it is pumped out of the membrane via the enzyme ATP synthase

44
Q

suggest why coenzymes NAD and FAD are also sometimes called hydrogen carriers

A

they take up hydrogen when they become reduced, which is later used in oxidative phosphorylation

45
Q

what is a respiratory substrate

A

an organic substance, that can be oxidised by respiration, releasing energy to make molecules of ATP.

46
Q

why does increasing the number of H atoms in the molecule, increase its mean energy value

A

the more H atoms a molecule has, the more reduced NAD and reduced FAD that can be produced, which in turn then leads to a increased yield of ATP.

47
Q

what is the RQ value

A
  • the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by a respiring organism, to oxygen consumed in a given time. as it is a ration there are no units.
48
Q

what is a haemocyometer?

A

a microscopic quadrat to count the number of yeast cells

49
Q

why is it called a haemocytometer

A

originally used to count blood cells

50
Q

what is the depth of the liquid on a haemocytometer

A

0.1mm

51
Q

what is the purpose of a respirometer

A

to measure respiration rate.

52
Q

why do we use a control tube when carrying out the respiration test with the u - tube respirometer

A

in order to show that yeast is responsible for the production of carbon dioxide, therefore the fluid moves from the non - control end to the control end.

53
Q

explain why sodium hydroxide is present in a respirometer

A

in order to absorb the carbon dioxide

54
Q

explain why there is dyed fluid in the manometer

A

to show the distance travel by fluid (used to measure the rate of respiration)

55
Q

explain why is a syringe present in a respirometer

A

in order to force air through the apparatus, in order to equalise the pressure between trials

56
Q

explain why a respirometer needs to be sealed

A

to ensure no gas is able to escape, or this will later the pressure, thus effecting the distance that the manometer moves.

57
Q

explain why the glass beads need to be of the same volume of the organism in a respirometer

A
  • in order to create a control version of the experiment.
  • in order to ensure an equal volume of air is in each tube, so that pressure is not affected
58
Q

explain why there is a control tube present in a respirometer

A
  • to prove that maggots (or the organism) is responsible for respiration.
  • in order to negate the effects that temperature may have on the pressure inside the experiment.
59
Q

explain why the screw clip should remain open between trials in a respirometer.

A

to allow pressure to recalibrate with atmospheric pressure.

60
Q

explain how a U - tube respirometer works

A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A

biology a level OCR (32 decks)

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